Salt <strong>Stress</strong> 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovic, B. <strong>and</strong> Ajder, S. (1998). The role <strong>of</strong> ions in osmotic adjustment <strong>of</strong> several euhalophytes grown in natural habitat. Ekologija (Belgrade), 33, 169-174. Dalton, F.N., Maggio, A. <strong>and</strong> Piccinni, G. (1997). Effect <strong>of</strong> root temperature on plant response functions for tomato: comparison <strong>of</strong> static <strong>and</strong> dynamic salinity stress indices. Plant Soil 192, 307-319. Dalton, F.N., Maggio, A. <strong>and</strong> Piccinni, G. (2000). Simulation <strong>of</strong> shoot chloride accumulation: separation <strong>of</strong> physical <strong>and</strong> biochemical processes governing plant salt tolerance. Plant Soil 219, 1- 11. Deal, K, R., Goyal, S. <strong>and</strong> Dvorak, J. (1999). Arm location <strong>of</strong> Lophopyrum elongatum genes affecting K + /Na + selectivity under salt stress. Euphytica 108, 193-198. Dionisiosese, M.L. <strong>and</strong> Tobita, S. (1998). Antioxidant responses <strong>of</strong> rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Sci. 135, 1-9. Dracup, M.N.H. <strong>and</strong> Greenway, H. (1985). A procedure for isolating vacuoles from leaves <strong>of</strong> the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Plant Cell Environ. 8, 149-154. Dschida, D.J., Platt-Aloia, K.A. <strong>and</strong> Thomson, W.W. (1992). Epidermal peels <strong>of</strong> Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn: a useful system to study the function <strong>of</strong> salt gl<strong>and</strong>s. Ann. Bot. 70, 501-509. Dziadczyk, P., Bolibok, H., Tyrka, M. <strong>and</strong> Hortynski, J.A. (2003). In vitro selection <strong>of</strong> strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) clones tolerant to salt stress. Euphytica. 132, 49-55. Echeverria, E. (2000). Vesicle-mediated solute transport between the vacuole <strong>and</strong> the plasma membrane. Plant Physiol. 123, 1217-1226. El-Haddad, S.H. <strong>and</strong> Noaman, M.M. (2001). Leaching requirement <strong>and</strong> salinity threshold for the yield <strong>and</strong> agronomic characteristics <strong>of</strong> halophytes under salt stress. J. Arid Environ. 49, 865- 874. El-Hamdaoui, A., Redondo-Nieto, M., Rivilla, R., Bonilla, I. <strong>and</strong> Bolanos, L. (2003). Effects <strong>of</strong> boron <strong>and</strong> calcium nutrition on the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Rhizobium leguminosarum- pea (Pisum sativum) symbiosis <strong>and</strong> nodule development under salt stress. Plant Cell Environ, 26, 1003- 1011. Ellis, R.P., Forster, B.P., Gordon, D.C., H<strong>and</strong>ley, L.L., Keith, R.P., Lawrence, P., et al. (2002). Phenotype/genotype associations for yield <strong>and</strong> salt tolerance in a barley mapping population segregating for two dwarfing genes. J. Exp. Bot. 53, 1163-1176. Essa, T.A. (2002). Effect <strong>of</strong> salinity stress on growth <strong>and</strong> nutrient composition <strong>of</strong> three soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) cultivars. J. Agron. Crop Sci, 188, 86-93. Fitter, A.H. <strong>and</strong> Hay, R.K.M. (1989). Environmental <strong>Physiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> Plants. London, San Diego, New York, Boston, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Academic Press. Flowers, T.J. (2004). Improving crop salt tolerance. J. Exp. Bot. 55, 307-319. Flowers, T.J. <strong>and</strong> Dalmond, D. (1992). Protein synthesis in halophytes: the influence <strong>of</strong> potassium, sodium <strong>and</strong> magnesium in vitro. Plant Soil 146, 153-161. Flowers, T.J. <strong>and</strong> Hajibagheri, M.A. (2001). Salinity tolerance in Hordeum vulgare: ion concentrations in root cells <strong>of</strong> cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Plant Soil 231, 1-9. Flowers, T.J., Hajibagheri, M.A. <strong>and</strong> Yeo, A.R. (1991). Ion accumulation in the cell walls <strong>of</strong> rice plants growing under saline conditions: evidence for the Oertli hypothesis. Plant Cell Environ 14, 319-325. Flowers, T.J., Koyama, M.L., Flowers, S.A., Chinta Sudhakar, Singh, K.P. <strong>and</strong> Yeo, A.R. (2000). QTL: their place in engineering tolerance <strong>of</strong> rice to salinity. J.Exp. Bot, 51, (MP Special Issue), 99-106. Flowers, T.J., Troke, P.F. <strong>and</strong> Yeo, A.R. (1977). The mechanism <strong>of</strong> salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol, 28, 89-121. Flowers, T.J. <strong>and</strong> Yeo, A.R. (1988). Ion relations <strong>of</strong> salt tolerance. In D.A. Baker <strong>and</strong> J.L. Hall (Eds.), Solute Transport in Plant Cells <strong>and</strong> Tissues, Harlow: Longman Scientific <strong>and</strong> Technical. (pp. 392-416). Flowers, T.J. <strong>and</strong> Yeo, A.R. (1992). Solute Transport in Plants. Glasgow, Scotl<strong>and</strong>: Blackie. 176 pp. Flowers, T.J. <strong>and</strong> Yeo, A.R. (1995). Breeding for salinity resistance in crop plants: where next? Aust. J. Plant Physiol 22, 875-884.
88 Z . Dajic Foolad, M.R. <strong>and</strong> Jones, R.A. (1993). Mapping salt-tolerance genes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) using trait-based marker analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 87, 184-192. Foolad, M.R., Zhang, L.P. <strong>and</strong> Lin, G.Y. (2001). Identification <strong>and</strong> validation <strong>of</strong> QTLs for salt tolerance during vegetative growth in tomato by selective genotyping. Genome. 44, 444-454. Forment, J., Naranjo, M.A., Roldan, M., Serrano, R., <strong>and</strong> Vicente, O. (2002). Expression <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis Sr-like splicing proteins confers salt tolerance in yeast <strong>and</strong> transgenic plants. Plant J. 30, 511- 519. Fortmeier, R. <strong>and</strong> Schubert, S. (1995). Salt tolerance <strong>of</strong> maize (Zea mays L.): the role <strong>of</strong> sodium exclusion. Plant Cell Environ. 18, 1041-1047. Fougere, F., Le-Rudilier, D. <strong>and</strong> Streeter, J.G. (1991). Effects <strong>of</strong> salt stress on amino acid, organic acid <strong>and</strong> carbohydrate composition <strong>of</strong> roots, bacteroids <strong>and</strong> cytosol <strong>of</strong> alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant Physiol. 96, 1228-1236. Francois, L.E. <strong>and</strong> Maas, E.V. (1994). Crop response <strong>and</strong> management <strong>of</strong> salt-affected soils. In M. Pessarakli (Eds.), H<strong>and</strong>book <strong>of</strong> Plant <strong>and</strong> Crop <strong>Stress</strong> (pp. 169-201). New York: Marcel Dekker. Freitas, H. <strong>and</strong> Breckle, S.W. (1992). Importance <strong>of</strong> bladder hairs for the salt tolerance <strong>of</strong> field grown Atriplex species from a Portuguese salt marsh. Flora 187, 283-297. Fukuda, A., Nakamura, A. <strong>and</strong> Tanaka, Y. (1999). <strong>Molecular</strong> cloning <strong>and</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> the Na + /H + exchanger gene in Oryza sativa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1446, 149-155. Garay-Arroyo, A., Colmenero-Flores, J.M., Garciarrubio, A. <strong>and</strong> Covarrubias, A.A. (2000). Highly hydrophilic proteins in prokaryotes <strong>and</strong> eukaryotes are common during conditions <strong>of</strong> water deficit. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5668-5674. Garcia, A., Rizzo, C.A., Ud-Din, J., Bartos, S.L., Senadhira, D., Flowers, T.J., et al. (1997). Sodium <strong>and</strong> potassium transport to the xylem are inherited independently in ice, <strong>and</strong> the mechanism <strong>of</strong> sodium: potassium selectivity differs between rice <strong>and</strong> wheat. Plant Cell Environ. 20, 1167- 1174. Garcia, A., Senadhira, D., Flowers, T.J. <strong>and</strong> Yeo. A.R. (1995). The effects <strong>of</strong> selection for sodium transport <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> selection for agronomic characteristics upon salt resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 90, 1106-1111. Garcia, A.B., Engler, J.D., Claes, B., Villarroel, R., Vanmontagu, M., Gerats, T., et al. (1998). The expression <strong>of</strong> salt-responsive gene salT from rice is regulated by hormonal <strong>and</strong> developmental cues. Planta 207, 172-180. Garciadeblas, B., Senn, M.E., Banuelos, M.A. <strong>and</strong> Rodriguez-Navarro, A. (2003). Sodium transport <strong>and</strong> HKT transporters: the rice model. Plant J. 36, 788-801. Garg, A.K., Kim, J.K., Owens, T.G., Ranwala, A.P., Do Choi, Y., Kochian, L.V., et al. (2002). Trehalose accumulation in rice plants confers high tolerance levels to different abiotic stresses. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 15898-15903. Gaxiola, R., Li, J., Undurraga, S., Dang, L.M., Allen, S.L. <strong>and</strong> Fink, G.R. (2001). Drought- <strong>and</strong> salttolerant plants result from overexpression <strong>of</strong> the AVP1 H + -pump. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 11444-11449. Ghosh, S., Bagchi, S. <strong>and</strong> Majumder, A.L. (2001). Chloroplast fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase from Oryza differs in salt tolerance property from the Porteresia enzyme <strong>and</strong> is protected by osmolytes. Plant Sci. 160, 1171-1181. Gimmler, H. (2000). Primary sodium plasma membrane ATPases in salt tolerant algae: facts <strong>and</strong> fictions. J. Exp. Bot. 51, 1171-1178. Ginzberg, I., Stein, H., Kapulnik, Y., Szabados, L., Strizhov, N., Schell, J., et al. (1999). Isolation <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> two different cDNAs <strong>of</strong> delta (1) pyrroline-5- carboxylate synthase in alfalfa, transcriptionally induced upon salt stress. Plant Mol. Biol. 38, 755-764. Glenn, E.P., Brown, J.J. <strong>and</strong> Blumwald, E. (1999). Salt tolerance <strong>and</strong> crop potential <strong>of</strong> halophytes. Crit. Rev.Plant Sci. 18, 227-255. Glenn, E.P. <strong>and</strong> O’Leary, J.W. (1985). Productivity <strong>and</strong> irrigation requirements <strong>of</strong> halophytes grown with seawater in the Sonora Desert. J. Arid Environ. 9, 81-91. Gorham, J. (1990). Salt tolerance in Triticeae: K/Na discrimination in synthetic hexaploid wheats. J. Exp. Bot. 41, 623-627.
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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18 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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20 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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22 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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24 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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26 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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28 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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30 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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32 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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34 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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- Page 96 and 97: Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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- Page 102 and 103: Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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160 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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162 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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164 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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166 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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168 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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170 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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172 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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174 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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176 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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178 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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180 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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182 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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184 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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186 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
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200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
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202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
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204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
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206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
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208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
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210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
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212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
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214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
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216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
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219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
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Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
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Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
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Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
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Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
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Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
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Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
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Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
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Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
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Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
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Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
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Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
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Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
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Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
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255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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304 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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306 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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308 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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310 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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312 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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314 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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316 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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318 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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322 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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324 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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326 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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328 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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330 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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332 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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334 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,