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Metabolic Engineering for Stress Tolerance 263 Table 3. Some examples of genes utilized in pathway engineering to improve salinity and drought stress tolerance in plants Gene Gene action Species Phenotypic References expression mt1D Mannitol-1- Tobacco, Increased plant Tarczynski et al. phosphate dehydro Arabidopsis height and fresh (1993) ; genase (mannitol weight under Thomas et al. synthesis) salinity stress (1995) Increased germination under salinity stress m6pr Mannose-6-phosphate Arabidopsis Increased salt Zhifang and reductase (mannitol tolerance Loescher (2003) synthesis) IMT1 Myo-inositol O-methyl Tobacco Performed better Sheveleva et al. transferase (D-ononitol under drought and (1997) synthesis) salinity stress otsA, Trehalose-6-phosphate Tobacco, Improved growth Goddjin and Van otsB synthase, Trehalose-6- Rice under stress Dun (1999); phosphate Garg et al (2002) phosphatase TPS1 Trehalose synthesis Tobacco Stunted growth, Romero et al improved drought (1997) tolerance CodA Choline oxidase Arabidopsis Seedlings tolerant Alia et al. (1998); (glycine betaine Rice of salinity stress Hayashi et al. synthesis) and increased (1997); germination Huang et al. under cold (2000); Increased tolerance Sakamoto et al. to salinity and cold (1998) GS2 Chloroplastic glutamine Rice Increased salinity Hoshida et al. synthetase resistance and chilling (2000) tolerance p5cs Pyrroline carboxylate Rice Increased biomass Zhu et al. (1998) synthetase (proline production under synthesis) drought and salinity stress
264 B. Rathinasabapathi and R. Kaur Certain plants that grow naturally in salt and drought conditions also manufacture methylated myo-inositol and its stereoisomers, like d-ononitol and pinitol (Ishitani et. al., 1997). Sheveleva et. al., (2000) showed that transgenic tobacco plants containing the myo-inositol-O-methyltransferase (IMT1) gene produced methylated inositol and the transgenic plants had higher tolerance for drought and salt stress than the vector controls. 3.1.2. Trehalose Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide that functions as an osmoprotectant. It successfully stabilizes dehydrated enzymes and lipid membranes. Many bacteria and fungi accumulate trehalose. Only some plant species that can tolerate complete dehydration and spring back to life upon rehydration naturally accumulate trehalose (Goddijn and van Dun, 1999; Iturriaga et. al., 2000). Trehalose is synthesized in two steps from glucose-6-phosphate and uridine diphosphoglucose via trehalose-6-phosphate, in which the first step is mediated by trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS), and the second by trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) (Figure 3). In plants, trehalose-6- phosphate level is highly regulated by enzymes that either directly metabolizes it or by trehalase, which breaks down trehalose (Figure 3). Figure 3. Trehalose synthesis and metabolism Transgenic tobacco, expressing a bacterial trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (OtsB) gene showed better growth under drought stress (Pilon-Smits et. al., 1995). In addition, transgenic tobacco plants possessing yeast trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase gene (TPS1) exhibited improved drought tolerance (Romero et. al., 1997). Potato plants expressing genes for the trehalose synthesis showed unanticipated morphological changes and modification of structural carbohydrates (Yeo et. al., 2000). Therefore, a
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
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200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
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202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
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204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
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206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
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208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
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210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
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Page 226 and 227: 219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Page 238 and 239: Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Page 248 and 249: Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
Page 250 and 251: Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
Page 252 and 253: Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
Page 254 and 255: Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
Page 256 and 257: Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
Page 258 and 259: Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
Page 260 and 261: Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
Page 262 and 263: 255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
Page 264 and 265: Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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314 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
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