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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DIIC PRDJCTla.I RESEARCH AN> DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES E. R. Bautista and V. C. Perdido 11 Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the important cereal crops in the Philippines whose origin traces back to its introduction from Mexico during the 16th Century. Through the years, it was traditionally grown by the farmers who adopted and adapted it, becoming the staple food of about 25% of the present population. It is also a major ingredient of animal feeds in the expanding livestock industry. only a small amount of grain is used as seed and raw material for industrial purposes. In 1992, about 3.323 m ha were planted to maize with a total production of 4.56 m ton of grain with a national average yield of 1.37 t/ha. Significant increase in productivity over the last decade was attributed to the availability and use of appropriate production technologies like high yielding maize seeds of improved open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) and hybrids, and the increased fertilizer usage as a result of government's subsidized input program. Hybrid maize research is a recent innovation in the Philippine agriculture. Early attempts on hybrid development started at the Univ. of Philippines College of Agriculture (UPCA) at Los Banos in 1949. Thirty years later, this kind of research was resumed and developed into a strong component of maize R&D in both public breeding institutions and in private seed companies. Since 1977 about 40 hybrids have been released for commercial production. Most of them are three-way crosses developed by private seed companies. The highest yield of hybrids obtained by outstanding farmers reached 7.3 to 13 t/ha. With the availability of high production technologies and the support of the government for agricultural development, maize production targets for self sufficiency will hopefully be reached in the next five years. I. Introduction Present-day corn or maize in the Philippines o~iginated as an introduction from Mexico through the famous Galleon Trade operated by the Spanish merchants in the 16th Century. Since then, the crop called "mais" by the Fil ipinos, spread and was traditionally grown all over the country until it became one of the major commodities with a distinct research and development (R & D) mandate in the present national research network system in agriculture. This paper presents an overview of hybrid maize breeding and agronomic production R&D in the Philippines. Importance of maize Through the years, maize has always been second to rice in grain utilization and in land usage. It is the staple food of almost 25% of the population, but the number may even reach up to 70% in major maize growing areas. It is the major feed ingredient contributing 20-50% of hog rations and 50-75% of the rations for poultry feed. A meager volume is used as seed and supplies the raw materials to sustain industries in the manufacture of maize byproducts. Maize production trends The area planted to maize varies with every cropping year as presented in Table 1 and Figs. 1, 2 and 3. Distribution of corn areas in the country is shown in Table 2. Also in the last ten years the national average yield per hectare has increased from 1.0 to 1.37 t/ha. In a span of ten years, the area planted to maize slightly declined from 3.383 m ha in 1982 to 3.323 m ha in 1992. Partly, such growth in yield was attributed to the use of recommended production 1/ Maize Breeders, Univ. of Southern Mindanao and Dept. of Agriculture, respectively. 94
technologies like the improved open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) and hybrids, and the application of fertilizer as a result of the government's subsidized input program. Moreover, the decline in area in 1992 stemmed from the shift of maize farmers to other cash crops such as asparagus, upland rice, banana, pineapple, sugarcane, soybean, and cassava in Mindanao and the conversion of farmlands into industrial estates in Luzon and the Visayas. Table 1. Maize production, area, and yield in the Phil ippines, 1982-1992. Year Area Production Yield (000 ha) (000 t) (t/ha) 1982 3,383 3,404 1.00 1984 3,227 3,250 1.00 1986 3,595 4,091 1.14 1988 3,745 4,428 1.18 1991 3,589 4,655 1.30 1992 3,323 4,560 1.37 Source Bureau of Agric. Statistics. Table 2. Corn production in the Philippines. 1990-1992. Region 1990 1991 1992 Area Prodtn Area Prodtn Area Prodtn (000 ha) (t/ha) (000 ha) (t/ha) (000 ha) (t/ha) Philippines Car I locos C. Valley C. Luzon S. Tagalog Bicol W. Visayas C. Visayas E. Visayas W. Mindanao N. Mindanao S. Mindanao C. Mindanao 3819 1.27 3589 1.30 3323 1.37 22 1.14 21 1.00 22 1.41 79 1.11 84 1.15 68 0.96 347 1.59 305 1.53 328 1.98 13 1.31 12 1.58 12 1.42 237 0.93 230 0.92 215 0.91 194 0.77 190 0.79 175 0.78 63 0.54 70 0.59 67 0.82 551 0.54 458 0.52 405 0.50 231 0.95 216 1.00 150 0.96 308 0.85 275 0.89 244 0.88 315 1.36 235 1.41 319 1.64 792 1.64 752 1.66 710 1.65 666 1.90 652 1. 91 608 1.90 Source: Animal Husb. and Agric. J. (Vol. 27, No.2, 1993). Hybrids, improved OPV's, and traditional varieties are extensively grown, each contributing an aggregate share to the overall production output. Maize hybrids which produce an average yield of 4-5 tlha occupy about 311,000 ha or 8% of the total area. Improved OPVs giving an average yield of 2 tlha are planted in 200,000 ha or roughly 7% of the available production area. The remaining 85% of the 3.29 m ha are planted with traditional varieties, and F2 and F3 of hybrids. However in Isabela (northern Philippines), hybrid utilization is Quite high reaching more than 40% of the total maize acreage (Table 3). As a consequence, even with the availability 95
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
Page 50 and 51: inbred 1ines possessing good genera
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Details of medium and earl
Page 54 and 55: increasing the yield levels of the
Page 56 and 57: Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
Page 58 and 59: EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 62 and 63: Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 68 and 69: MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
Page 70 and 71: to rice in order to reach self-suff
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 78 and 79: tion with estate or mini-estate typ
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 94 and 95: Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
Page 96 and 97: were unacceptable in some parts due
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 106 and 107: Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 110 and 111: Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
Page 112 and 113: support. The versatile planter/fert
Page 114 and 115: Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
Page 116 and 117: T1l1t:i----------------------------
Page 118 and 119: the maha season. Yala season is cha
Page 120 and 121: . Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
Page 122 and 123: Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
Page 124 and 125: It took almost 10 years to develop
Page 126 and 127: g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
Page 128 and 129: 3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
Page 130 and 131: experiments showed that the fertili
Page 132 and 133: Long term evaluation of mass releas
Page 134 and 135: Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
Page 136 and 137: DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
Page 138 and 139: Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
Page 140 and 141: was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
Page 142 and 143: Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
Page 144 and 145: 4. Prevention and control of aflato
Page 146 and 147: Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
Page 148 and 149: Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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