Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regional Maize Workshop - Search ...

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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES IN /ISlA Tunya Kunta .11 Abstract Cargill Seeds Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of Cargill Co., Ltd, the world's largest grain trading firm. Corn breeding research of Cargil Seeds Co., Ltd. in Asia has been carried out in Thailand and Philippines since 1979. Cargill also has testing sites in India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Japan. the primary objective of Cargill maize research in Asia is to develop high yielding corn hybrids mostly suitable to environmental conditions and farmer practices for the whole Asian region. The existing inbreds have been developed by introgressing the elite germplasm from around the world into the locally adapted germplasm. The resulting hybrids have been tested over several years and environments before being released to the farmers. At present, cargill commercial hybrids released in Asian countries are C-501 (Thailand, Pakistan, and Indonesia), C-520 (Thailand, Bangladesh, and Philippines), C-633 (India), C-333 (Thailand and Malaysia), C-777 (Thailand, and Pakistan), CPX-3905 (Philippines), C-744 (Thailand) and C-922 (Thail and). Cargill Inc., USA's bigge~t private company (Fortune, July 13, 1992), was founded by William W. Cargill in 1865 as a single grain-storage facility in rural Iowa. During the past 128 years the company has evolved into a world leader in the commodity marketing, transportation, and processing industries. In 1993, the company employed 69,000 people in 47 business in over 55 countries. Breeding research of Cargill Seeds, Ltd. in Asia has been carried out since 1979 in Thailand and Philippines. Cargill Seeds Ltd. is a subsidiary of Car-gill Inc. At present, Cargi 11 has two main research stations: Pitsanulok, Thai land and Koronadal, South Cotabato, Philippines. Cargill also has testing sites in India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Japan. The primary objective of the two main research stations is to develop corn hybrids that are suitable to environmental conditions and farmer practices not only for Thailand and Philippines, but also for the whole Asian region. Elite germplasm from around the world including tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones has been introgressed into the locally adapted germplasm in Thailand and Philippines. The products of the introgression are the adapted inbreds giving genetic constituents of the elite germplasm around the world especially the subtropical germplasm. The adapted inbreds with high combining ability are crossed with other promising inbreds to make new hybrids. The resulting experimental hybrids are primarily tested over different environments in Thailand and Philippines. The promising and precommercial hybrids are then tested over several locations in Thailand, Philippines, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Japan. These tests are conducted at Cargill satellite stations and testing sites by Cargill researchers. The precommercial hybrids have also been tested in Vietnam, China, and Malaysia via CIMMYT. Specific hybrids that have been tested over locations and years and that have proved to be suitable to each country are then registered and released to farmers. Cargill hybrids that have been released in Asian countries and still in the market for 1993 are described below. Cargill 777 main characteristics are: High yield potential (mean yield of 8.0 t/ha with maximum of 10.6 t/ha), wide adaptation, long ear, excellent tip filling, good standability, high shelling percentage, and easy to harvest. Cargill 744 and 922 are our latest releases for Asian countries. Cargi 11 744 has high yield potential (si·mi lar to C-777), high level of disease !! Crop Res. Manager, Cargill Seeds Ltd., 6-7th Floor Chokchai International Bldg., 690 Sukumvit Rd., Bangkok 10110, Thailand. 242
esistance, especially to sorghum downy mildew, common rust, and leaf blights, fast dry down of the mature ear, and is easy to harvest. cargill 922, a single cross, has a high yield potential (mean yield of 9.0 t/ha with a maximum of 11.5 t/ha), good uniformity for plant height and ear size, similar level of disease resistance as C-744, long ear, good tip filling, and is easy to harvest. Hybrids Days to mature Countries and year released C-2525 105-110 C-501 95-100 C-520 100-105 C-633 105-110 C-333 105-110 C-777 105-110 C-733 110-115 C-757 95-100 CPX-3905 95-100 C-744 100-105 C-922 105-110 Indonesia (1983), Thai1and (1982). Removed from the market in 1985. Thailand (1989), Pakistan (1992) Indonesia (as C3, 1993) Thailand (1992). Thailand (1992). Removed from the Thai market in 1993. India (1993) Thailand (1989) Thailand (1991), Pakistan (1992) Thailand (1992) Indonesia (1992) Philippines (1993) Thailand (1993) Thail and (1993) OUr annual research budget in Asia exceeds US$ 1 m dollar. We employ more than 10 breeders and 50 agronomists in the region to carry out our research programs. OUr corn hybrids are well known throughout the Asian countries where we are gaining a seed market share, especially in Thailand. We will continue to grow and hopefully in the near future our hybrid corn will be a prominent hybrid also for Vietnam. Questions to the author: FROM : Q ment A them F. Kasim What is the policy of private sector for hybrid development targeted to marginal environsuch as acid soils? Develop germplasm tolerant to Al. toxicity (BraZil), backcrossing to local lines, putting in hybrid combinations in Thailand, and sending hybrids to test at acid areas. FROM A. Hallauer Q Two parts: 1) What is the "half-life" or length of time a hybrid is marketed? 2) Is it different from hybrids marketed in North and South America. A In Thailanq a hybrid only lasts 2 to three years, where as in North and South America good hybrids last 5 to 6 years. The rest of Asia is like North/SOUth America in product life cycle. 243
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
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A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
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Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
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ut they have been selecting ears fr
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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
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to rice in order to reach self-suff
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0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
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. According to the findings of the
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IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
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tion with estate or mini-estate typ
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Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
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techniques. References Anonymous. 1
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Table 1. Total area under maize and
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Year Township Area planted Total pr
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cover, short plant stature, and sat
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Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
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3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
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Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
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were unacceptable in some parts due
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Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
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of highly productive technologies,
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Maize varietal improvement continue
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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
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elow to help clarify the farm level
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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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Page 204 and 205: c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
Page 206 and 207: Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
Page 208 and 209: HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
Page 212 and 213: At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
Page 214 and 215: when grown under farmers' condition
Page 216 and 217: seed often varies substantially bec
Page 218 and 219: kilograms of maize grain that must
Page 220 and 221: Table 8. COst of producing, process
Page 222 and 223: case in which the hybrid replaces a
Page 224 and 225: J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
Page 226 and 227: egions which do not allow a suffici
Page 228 and 229: participation; where foreign compan
Page 230 and 231: Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
Page 232 and 233: To recover value, seed companies ca
Page 234 and 235: In recent years, many new companies
Page 236 and 237: nology and its reliance on patents,
Page 238 and 239: Table 6. Intellectual property righ
Page 240 and 241: for crop improvement programs. It i
Page 242 and 243: capabi 1ities Despite these constra
Page 244 and 245: TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
Page 246 and 247: * Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
Page 250 and 251: RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
Page 252 and 253: ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
Page 254 and 255: ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
Page 256 and 257: PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
Page 258 and 259: Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
Page 260 and 261: Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
Page 262 and 263: VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
Page 264 and 265: (Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
Page 266: 1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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