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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavong Bounphavanh .v Abstract Research activities on maize in Laos have been conducted in Hat Dok Kew Station in the seventies and the eighties. A maize improvement program conducted at this station has lead to the release of the varieties HOK3 and HDK4 in the early eighties. Although there is no written report about the selection scheme appl ied and the parent materials used in the process, the open pollinated variety 1-1)1
Table 1. Lao national agricultura1 production. 1991. Crop Area Yield Production (ha) (t/ha) (t) 1. Rice 628,253 2.34 1,491,495 2. Maize 36,245 2.00 72,609 3. Soybean 6,015 0.87 5,209 4. Mungbean 3,469 0.65 2,257 5. Peanuts 5,965 1.02 6,070 6. SUgar-cane 6,761 29.70 111,649 7. Tobacco 10,481 4.84 50,732 8. Cotton 8,027 0.59 4,749 9. Coffee 28,256 0.35 22,840 10. Vegetables 6,492 10.12 65,707 3. Varieties and cropping systems. There are several varieties grown in the country. Local pest-resistant varieties of white flint and waxy types are principally grown for food, and yellow flints for feed. Maize is usually grown with several different maturing varieties and many times intercropped with other field crops or perennials. Maize grown for food in the highlands supplements rice in the diet and compensates for rice shortages. There is considerable genetic diversity in the cultivars grown by farmers. There are different cropping systems which can be observed in different regions and at different altitudes. Cropping systems include: Maize for human consumption grown in small plots, often in mixed cropping with other food crops next to the village houses in the lowlands (waxy and sometimes sweet type), Food maize grown on the river banks, often during the dry season, in pure stand or in mixed cropping, using early cultivars of the waxy type for production of fresh cobs for sale at neighboring markets (common around Vientiane, Luang Prabang, etc.), Feed maize cultivated in pure stands on alluvial soils of the Vientiane plain for sale to the Tha Ngon animal feed mill. This type is dominated by the improved variety HDK 4, - Highland maize grown for food or for animal feed under shifting cultivation in association with upland rice (harvested before rice) .. Some farmers have developed cropping techniques to grow different varieties of maize with different maturities without mixing them. The main disease problem in the lowland regions is the high incidence of the downy mildew. The Asian corn borer is one of the most important insect pests. 4. Marketing and processing. More than 50% of the corn is produced for human food consumption. The main barriers to marketing are transportation, storage, processing, and food preparation. Most of the sweet corn production is marketed fresh and as baby corn sold in the villages. It is either boiled or roasted for home consumption. In Laos farmers use both the sta"lk and the grain for feeding their animals. The Tha Ngon Feedmill purchased a significant quantity of the grain from Muang Kasi and Vientiane prefecture. SUrplus production from the northern prOVince is sold and consumed locally. The size of the potential export market is presently limited by tariffs and high transport costs. 5. QJverraent policy. With the introduction of the New Economic Mechanism promoting a more market-oriented agriculture, maize is considered as one of the potential domestic cash crops. Feed maize is being promoted for the agro-based industry development. Food maize is promoted as an alternative 63
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
Page 17 and 18: MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Land suitability for maize
Page 21 and 22: Depending on how this wheat is rele
Page 23 and 24: Individual field sizes in the GKF a
Page 25 and 26: Table 12. Demonstration block resul
Page 27 and 28: alance of composite, synthetics and
Page 29 and 30: Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
Page 31 and 32: ~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
Page 34 and 35: 3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
Page 36 and 37: 3. Farmers could not afford to purc
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
Page 40 and 41: 100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
Page 42 and 43: + The planting area of inbred line
Page 44 and 45: ty levels. Selection interia should
Page 46 and 47: Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
Page 48 and 49: ~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
Page 50 and 51: inbred 1ines possessing good genera
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Details of medium and earl
Page 54 and 55: increasing the yield levels of the
Page 56 and 57: Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
Page 58 and 59: EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 62 and 63: Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 70 and 71: to rice in order to reach self-suff
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 78 and 79: tion with estate or mini-estate typ
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 94 and 95: Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
Page 96 and 97: were unacceptable in some parts due
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 100 and 101: HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 106 and 107: Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 110 and 111: Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
Page 112 and 113: support. The versatile planter/fert
Page 114 and 115: Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
Page 116 and 117: T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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