Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regional Maize Workshop - Search ...

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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proWction, and yield in Indonesia. Year Area harvested Production Yield (ha) (t) t/ha 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Source: 2,061,299 3,234,825 1.57 2,832,443 4,860,127 1.72 2,924,981 5,071,546 1. 73 2,306,717 4,148,888 1.80 3,092,187 5,866,161 1.90 2,626,033 5,155,680 1.96 3,405,751 6,651,917 1.95 2,944,199 6,192,512 2.10 3,158,092 6,734,028 2.13 2,909,100 6,255,906 2.15 Central Bureau of Statistics, Jakarta. Hybrid maize breeding. In Indonesia, maize breeding has been done since 1950 (Sjofjan, 1956). During those days, the best single crosses yielded more than 200% of the highest yielding variety used as the source of lines. However, this program was discontinued, due to difficulties in seed production. In addition, some new Carribbean germp1asm was introduced such as Tequisate Golden Yellow, which yielded as high as the newly developed single cross hybrids. In the 1960's a new effort was established to develop hybrids. The single crosses generated at that time produced ~ higher than Harapan, a high yielding open pollinated variety (SUbandi et al., 1987). But the program was again discontinued. In 1983, the government released a double top cross C1 hybrid maize developed by Cargill Co. In 1985 Pioneer released the hybrid variety P2, and CPI-1 was released by CIP (Charoen Pokhand Co.). Also in 1985, a hybrid developed at Bogar Agric. Univ. was later released (Table 2). Evaluation of these maize hybrids at three sites for two seasons in E. Java showed that the hybrids yielded 23-42% higher than the OPV Arjuna (Table 3). These hybrids require 100 days to maturity and are not suitable for cropping systems normally practiced by farmers in some areas. In 1987, the Malang Res. Inst. for Food Crop (MARIF) initiated a breeding program to develop hybrid maize with less than 100 days to maturity. Base populations used for inbreeding were CIMMYT populations, Ma1ang composites, and Bogor pools. The heterotic pattern among these base populations was unknown. SUWan 1, SUwan 2, and Suwan 3 are also used in developing inbreds. S3 lines were crossed with GM15 to find lines with good combining ability with the tester parent. In 1992, two maize hybrids, Semar 1 and Sernar 2 were released. These hybrids are three way crosses developed using S4 lines. The parental lines of Semar 1 were extracted from Population 28 (CIMMYT) and Malang Comp.9. Semar 2 was developed by using lines extracted from Population 31 (CIMMYT) , Acer (Malang Comp.) and Bogar Pool 1. Evaluation of Semar 1 at 13 locations in E. Java showed that it yielded 27% more than the OPV Arjuna, 11% higher than the OPV Rama and as high as CPI-1 hybrid (Table 4). Semar 1 is later in maturity than the OPV Arjuna, but it is earlier than CPI-1. The yield of Semar 2 was 17% higher than that of OPV Arjuna and 9% lower than that of CPI-1 (Table 5). The maturity of var. Arjuna is 90 days and that of Semar 2 is similar, both being earlier than CPI-1. The difficulties in developing a hybrid using S4 lines is the maintenance of the parental lines. Recently, MARIF also introduced lines from CIMMYT. These lines were crossed with several lines developed by MARIF. However, CIMMYT's lines are later in maturity than MARIF's lines. 56
Table 2. Released hybrid maize cultivars in Indonesia (1983-1992). Hybrid Type of Institution 1:/ Year Mean hybrid released Yield (t/ha) Maturity (days) C-1 TC Cargi 11 1983 5.8 100 C-2 TWC Cargi 11 1989 6.4 100 C-3 TWC Cargi 11 1992 6.4 98 P-1 TWC Pioneer 1985 5.6 100 P-2 TWC Pioneer 1986 6.3 100 P-3 DC Pioneer 1992 6.4 98 CPI-1 TC CPI 1985 6.2 97 CIP-2 TWC CPI 1992 6.2 97 IPB-4 sc BAU 1985 6.6 105 Semar-1 TWC MARIF 1992 6.4 96 Semar-2 TWC MARIF 1992 6.0 90 ~ CPI =: Charoen Pokhand Indonesia BAU =: Bogor Agric. Univ. MARIF =: Malang Res. Inst. for Food Crops. Four Malang Synthetics have been developed: two early maturing, K1 and K2, and two late maturing J1 and J2. Malang Synthetic K1 was developed from lines which po~ses good general combining ability with Suwan 2. Malang Synthetic K2 is constitued by lines derived from SUWan 2 which combine well with inbred GM15. These two synthetics are being improved through reciprocal recurrent selection. Malang Synthetic J1 was developed using lines with good combining ability with GM15 while J2 has lines that have good combining ability with inbred GM 19. Inbreds GM 15 and GM 19 were parent lines of Semar 1. These two synthetics are also being improved through reciprocal recurrent selection. S1 lines were crossed with the tester parent (K1 with K2, J1 with J2 and their reciprocals). S1 lines were planted in a disease nursery to evaluate their resistance to downy mildew, polysora rust and maydis, leaf blight. Resistant plants will be selfed and advanced to S2. Intercross of selected lines will be done by using S2 lines. Table 3. E. Java. Grain yield of three maize hybrids and var. Ariuna on irrigated land in three sites 1986-1987. in Variety Muneng DS WS Grain yield (t/ha) Kedi ri DS WS y Genteng DS WS Mean % over check C-1 P-2 CP-1 Arjuna (ck) 5.69 5.82 5.47 4.42 6.04 6.16 6.10 4.27 6.73 9.21 8.15 5.60 3.55 4.04 3.35 2.72 5.12 6.16 6.75 4.86 4.70 5.39 5.70 4.00 5.31 6.13 5.92 4.31 23 42 37 BNT .05 0.71 0.85 1.49 ~ OS =: Dry season; WS =: W~t season. Source: Slamet et aT. (1988). 1.17 0.96 0.80 57
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
Page 11 and 12: Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
Page 13 and 14: I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
Page 15 and 16: Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
Page 17 and 18: MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Land suitability for maize
Page 21 and 22: Depending on how this wheat is rele
Page 23 and 24: Individual field sizes in the GKF a
Page 25 and 26: Table 12. Demonstration block resul
Page 27 and 28: alance of composite, synthetics and
Page 29 and 30: Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
Page 31 and 32: ~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
Page 34 and 35: 3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
Page 36 and 37: 3. Farmers could not afford to purc
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
Page 40 and 41: 100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
Page 42 and 43: + The planting area of inbred line
Page 44 and 45: ty levels. Selection interia should
Page 46 and 47: Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
Page 48 and 49: ~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
Page 50 and 51: inbred 1ines possessing good genera
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Details of medium and earl
Page 54 and 55: increasing the yield levels of the
Page 56 and 57: Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
Page 58 and 59: EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 68 and 69: MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
Page 70 and 71: to rice in order to reach self-suff
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 78 and 79: tion with estate or mini-estate typ
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 94 and 95: Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
Page 96 and 97: were unacceptable in some parts due
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 100 and 101: HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 106 and 107: Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 110 and 111: Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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