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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concentrate) at the rate of 10 ml/liter of water, applied as spray on seeds. Dry the seeds immediately if these are to be stored before using. 5. COntrol of major weed species (R. exa7tata, I. tri70ba etc.). Follow recommended land preparation. At 12-15 days after emergence, do off-barring. Hill up at 25-30 DAE and do interrow hand weeding. 6. Fertilizer rates. Apply 90-60-0 kg NPK/ha or six bags of 16-20-0 at planting time. Sidedress two bags of 45-0-0 after weeding during the wet season. However, during dry season, apply the recommended amount of fertilizer basally and only once. Table 5. COst of some technological options in effectively controlling maize borer and other insects pest of maize. Technology COst (Pesos) A. Traditional recommendation a. Application of carbufuran at 30 DAP b. Insecticide spraying at 40 DAP c. Insecticide spraying at 55 DAP B. USM technology 1 a. Appl ication of Trichogramma twice at 30 and 40 DAP b. Detasseling (75%) at 45 to 48 DAP C. USM technology 2 a. Application of Trichogramma once at 30 DAP b. Detasseling (75%) at 45 to 48 DAP c. Insecticide spraying at 55 DAP 1,450 850 925 Source: CEMARRDEC Techno Fora 1992. C. Fertili zer management. Soils belonging to the Adtuyon series have low pH and are considered unproductive for maize production. Most Bukidnon soils belong to this series but they become productive by adding lime and fertilizer to increase soil pH. Yield was increased in two experimental areas in Bukidnon. The procedure for technology application includes: 1. Soil characterization. The soil should belong to the Adtuyon clay or Adtuyon clay stony phase series. 2. Soil analysis. COllect soil samples before each planting season for analysis of pH, organic matter, extractable P, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K contents. 3. Lime application. Apply 3 t/ha lime only during the first crop. 4. Land preparation. Follow conventional methods. 5. COrn variety. Use IPB Var 2 (OPV). 6. Fertilizer application. Apply 60-30-0 kg NPK/ha, half of N and all P at planting. Sidedress remaining N 25-30 days later. 7. Weed and insect control. Hand weed and hill up at 15 and 35 days after planting, respectively. COntrol insects by spraying insecticides whenever necessary. 8. Harvesting. Harvest at crop maturity. The technology provides a mean yield of 4.46 t/ha and 4.40 t/ha during the wet (first cropping) and dry (second cropping), respectively. The first cropping gave a 1.64 return on investment (ROI) due to the cost of lime. The highest profit (3.69 ROI) was obtained the next season. Furthermore, soil pH values, organic matter content, and extractable P contents increase through time. 104
D. Agricultural engineering. In support for the activities in maize production, an improved mobile corn sheller was developed by the National Post-Harvest Institute for Res. and Extension (NAPHIRE). Its efficiency is found to be comparable with the existing high capacity shellers in the country giving a ROI of 53.4X with a payback period of 1.8 years. At USMARC, sarmiento also developed a versatile low-cost planter with fertilizer applicator combined. The equipment, which can simultaneously make a furrow, plant seed, and cover seeds and fertil izer comes in single-row and double-row models. Specifications of the equipment are presented in Table 6. Table 6. Sp&cifications of versatile low-cost planters with fertilizer applicator combined. Specifications Single row Double row a. Weight (with seeds and fertil izer) 50 kg 80 kg b. Total length 1.80 m 1.50 m c. Seed placement depth 5cm 5cm d. No. of seeds per hill 1-2 seeds 1.2 seeds e. Distance between hills 25-30 cm 25-30 cm f. No. of hrs.to finish 1 ha using 1 anima1-man power 6-8 hrs 4-5 hrs g. Seed delivery 16-20 kg/ha 16-20 kg/ha h. Fertilizer delivery 2-3 bags/ha 2 bags/ha i. COst/unit P4,5oo P6,OOO E. Economics of producing (pis and hybrids. The profitability of producing maize can be gauged from simple costs and return analysis. At USM, a comparative production costs and return analysis on a per hectare basis was done for a commercial hybrid maize, rPYs, and the best farmer's selection. Gross returns of the four varieties used ranged from P22,360/ha with a total cost of P9,395 to Pll,218/ha, and net returns of Pl,355 to Pll,142/ha. The hybrid maize, P 3228, with Pll,142 net return per hectare, was the highest. It was followed closely by USM Var 5 with Pl0,816. The lowest was the fanner's selection with Pl,355. However, ROI analysis showed USM Var 5 with 101X ROI as highest. The hybrid maize with the highest net returns was second with 99X ROI. IPS Var 1 and the best farmer's selection were lowest with 31X and 14X ROI, respectively. Goverrnent support to the maize industry. In spite of the significant strides the country has attained in maize production technology over the past years, currently, the volume of grain supply can hardly meet the increasing domestic demands for maize products. With the country's aim to be self-sufficient in 1998, an agricultural plan was conceived on May 1993 to boost productivity in key production areas where the major crops of the country are primarily raised on the basis of suitability as per land use and availability ofmarkets. Under this approach, the Dept. of Agric. has identified about 270,000 ha for maize to be covered by the Grains Production Enhancement Program. Moreover, the key maize grain areas located in 17 provinces will be increased to 700,000 ha in 1998 while cropping intensity will be maintained. Yields are programed to increase from an average of 3.5 t/ha per crop in 1993 to 5 t in 1998. To support the program, the following components are included: 1) certified seed subsidy, 2) efficient fertilizer use, 3) irrigation support, 4) production technolOgy development and dissemination, 5) credit, 6) post-harvest facilities and technology support, 7) transport infrastructure support, and 8) marketing 105
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 62 and 63: Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 68 and 69: MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
Page 70 and 71: to rice in order to reach self-suff
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 78 and 79: tion with estate or mini-estate typ
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 94 and 95: Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
Page 96 and 97: were unacceptable in some parts due
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 100 and 101: HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 106 and 107: Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 112 and 113: support. The versatile planter/fert
Page 114 and 115: Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
Page 116 and 117: T1l1t:i----------------------------
Page 118 and 119: the maha season. Yala season is cha
Page 120 and 121: . Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
Page 122 and 123: Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
Page 124 and 125: It took almost 10 years to develop
Page 126 and 127: g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
Page 128 and 129: 3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
Page 130 and 131: experiments showed that the fertili
Page 132 and 133: Long term evaluation of mass releas
Page 134 and 135: Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
Page 136 and 137: DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
Page 138 and 139: Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
Page 140 and 141: was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
Page 142 and 143: Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
Page 144 and 145: 4. Prevention and control of aflato
Page 146 and 147: Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
Page 148 and 149: Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
Page 150 and 151: Early rainy season plantings have a
Page 152 and 153: P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
Page 154 and 155: In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
Page 156 and 157: organizing visits as well as field
Page 158 and 159: Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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