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tion with estate or mini-estate type management. Agronomic research placed greater emphasis on its adaptability towards larger scale production. Table 2. Corn varietal evaluation. MARDI, Seberang Perai, 1992. Plt/hgt Ear/hgt Grain yield Varietay (cm) (em) (kg/ha) USMARC 2088 212 115 6016 USMARC 1288 169 112 6093 Bertam 8701 217 105 7192 Bertam 8602 158 103 4855 Bertam 8805 189 96 7513 SUwan 3 201 86 8148 IBP Var. 5 188 88 6193 Suwan 79 201 86 5712 Pop. 28 Bk 89 BF 203 82 7152 Rama 222 BO 7815 Jinjuk 191 75 4850 USM Var. 2 185 65 5938 Mean 194.6 92.1 6467 CV (%) 11.4 17.7 16.5 1. Early fertilizer trials From 1977-1981 MARDI carried out a series of fertilizer trials covering the states of Kedah, Perak, Seberang Perai, Selangor, Negeri Sembi lan, Pahang, Terengganu, and Kelantan 72
(Foster, 1989). A yield range of 0.8-5.4 t/ha was reported with liming recommended for soils having extractable aluminum levels exceeding 0.5 meq/1oo gr soil. In a corn-legume rotational experiment at MARDI, Seberang Perai (1987), it was shown that grain corn under continuous cultivation on the same area would eventually lead to yield deterioration which could be arrested by rotating with a legume. After 3 seasons, the yield of grain corn stagnated at 4.4 t/ha, while those rotated with mungbean or soybean yielded 5.2 and 5.4 t/ha, respectively (Anon., 1990). 2. Maximum yield research The concept of maximum yield research involved ralslng the experimental yield level of grain corn from 6 t/ha to over 9 t/ha under local conditions through identification and manipulation of yield limiting factors as well as their interactions. Past research indicated that variety, spacing, and nutrient played dominant roles in determining yield. Accordingly, these factors were studied in an experiment over five consecutive seasons (Leong, 1989). The results were as shown in (Table 4). This indicated a gradual increase in the average yield over time from 6.2 t/ha in the first season to 8.2 t/ha by the fifth season. A maximum yield of 10.1 t/ha (average over 3 replications) was achieved by the fifth season. The nutrient concentrations of the plant tissue at tasseling and harvest were used to determine significant correlations (Table 5). This indicated a positive correlation of plant and ear heights with K values in the stem at harvest for SUWan 1 and a negative correlation with leaf Mg content. Leaf K value also has a positive effect on ear length. For hybrids, there were strong correlations between stem K values at harvest and plant and cob heights with leaf Mg content again sharing a negative relationship with plant height. These correlations were used for model building through stepwise regression: (1) SUWan 1 - ear length Y = 12.5719 + 17518*leaf K + 0.005179*leaf Fe - 0.2691*leaf Zn + 0.4761*stem K (2) Hybrid C1 - yield Y = 5.6824 + 0.0060*leaf Fe-67010*stem Mg 3. SUpportive research for large scale production The future trend for maize cultivation will be large scale mechanized production. A fundamental aspect in viable mechanized production would be its cost. In the final stages, studies such as land preparation sequences were carried out to reduce costs without affecting yield. In 1992, an experiment on various combinations of land preparation was carried out at MARDI, Seberang Perai to compare 3 against 2 tillage operations as well as ploughing depths. The average yields are shown in Table 6. The data indicated that a reduction in land preparation tillage operations from 3 to 2 not only did not affect yield adversely but actually increased it by 0.46 t/ha. However, there were no yield differences between the two tillage depths of 40 and 50 em, indicating that a 40 em depth was sufficient. The highest yield of 6.23 t/ha was achieved by a 2 tillage operation of a 40 cm depth with plough followed by rotovat~on. This meant that using the plough-rotovation sequence increased yields by 15% and reduced land preparation cost by 32%. 4. Pi lot projects on large scale production Several large scale pilot projects have been carried out on a research basis (ranging from 20-40 ha) to identify actual field production problems as well as to complete the technology package needed for future production. The results are shown in Table 7. Data recorded indicated there is a yield range from 1.36 to 3.99 t/ha over seasons and location. The wide yield variation has been attributed to inadequate drainage during heavy precipitation, drought leading to water stress, and high postharvest losses (Ramli and Leong, 1990) . 5. Technology package The production research carried out has resulted in the development of a technology package for large scale mechanized production of grain corn (Leong et al., 1993) as follows: 73
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
Page 27 and 28: alance of composite, synthetics and
Page 29 and 30: Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
Page 31 and 32: ~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
Page 34 and 35: 3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
Page 36 and 37: 3. Farmers could not afford to purc
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
Page 40 and 41: 100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
Page 42 and 43: + The planting area of inbred line
Page 44 and 45: ty levels. Selection interia should
Page 46 and 47: Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
Page 48 and 49: ~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
Page 50 and 51: inbred 1ines possessing good genera
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Details of medium and earl
Page 54 and 55: increasing the yield levels of the
Page 56 and 57: Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
Page 58 and 59: EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 62 and 63: Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 68 and 69: MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
Page 70 and 71: to rice in order to reach self-suff
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 94 and 95: Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
Page 96 and 97: were unacceptable in some parts due
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 100 and 101: HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 106 and 107: Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 110 and 111: Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
Page 112 and 113: support. The versatile planter/fert
Page 114 and 115: Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
Page 116 and 117: T1l1t:i----------------------------
Page 118 and 119: the maha season. Yala season is cha
Page 120 and 121: . Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
Page 122 and 123: Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
Page 124 and 125: It took almost 10 years to develop
Page 126 and 127: g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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