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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis Weston. S1 and S2 famil ies derived from four DMR pool s consisting of tropical early and late white/yellow materials are being screened separately under Thailand and Philippine conditions. According to the data available, Philippine screened materials show remarkably higher natural OM resistance than the same materials screened in Thailand. Percent OM infection at USM ranges from 0 to 100. Those families which show a high level of DMR with superior agronomic attributes are being used in the formation of synthetics and OPVs and/or bulked as progenitors for the development of experimental varieties. The following USM developed and released OPVs are originally CIMMYT-ARMP germplasm based. USM Var 1 (Pop. 78 DMR), USM Var 2 (Sta. Rosa 8073), USM Var 3 (Pop. 28-DMR), USM Var 4 (Pop. 75-DMR) and USM Var 10 (Pop. 72). In the same way, the released materials from DA-DVIARC are derived from CIMMYT populations. These varieties are categorized as "semi-synthetics" since they were developed from balanced-bulks of seeds from ears harvested from agronomically superior plants within selected families. With regards to the maximum potential of hybrids, results of maximum yield research studies on maize conducted by Pamplona et al. (1988) at USMARC, showed that hybrids differed significantly in their response to varying rates of fertilizer, population densities, and irrigation. Using P3228 and YCH 55, the lowest yield of 10.36 t/ha was obtained in plants fertilized with 150-60-60 kg NPK. Yield was further increased to 10.79 and 10.67 t/ha when fertilizer was increased to 250-150-150 and 500-300-300 kg NPK/ha, respectively. Likewise, increasing population density from 70,000 to 90,000 plants/ha increased yield from 8.46% to 11.30 t/ha. Irrigated plants produced 10.88 t/ha, which was 0.55 t/ha higher than non-irrigated plants. No significant interaction effects were observed in any of the different treatment combinations involVing the four variables. In a related development, outstanding farmers using hybrids attained yield records ranging from 7.3 to 13.00 t/ha under actual farm circumstances, similar to those obtained at experiment stations. Variety testing and release Under Philippine regulations, a maize cultivar is released for commercial grain production if it has passed a series of agronomic performance tests. The last of these is the multilocation National Cooperative Test (NCT) conducted for at least two seasons in 12 experiment stations strategically located throughout the country. On the basis of the results, the Corn and Sorghum Technical Working Group (CSTWG) recommends the outstanding varieties to the Philippine Seed Board for approval. On-farm data, if available, are considered to complement data from the experiment stations. Between 1982 and 1992, about 30 hybrid maize cultivars were released for commercial production against 12 OPVs approved. A majority of the released hybrids had yellow-flint endosperm. Half of the OPVs were either yellow or white with flinty endosperm. Some OPVs showed comparable yields with the hybrids and their maturity was within the desired range. The most recent maize varieties/hybrids released from 1990 to 1992 are presented in Table 4. Management and handling of developed materials Most hybrid seed companies operating in the Philippines have their own marketing branch so that they can directly sell their products. The Philippine Government acknowledges the active participation of the private sector not only in the development of high yielding hybrids but also in the promotion and adoption of their hybrids, through their extension efforts and demonstration trials. In the government sector, where lack of capabilities hinders the promotion and widescale production and distribution of seeds, coupled with inefficient processing facilities to handle large volumes of seed, developed hybrids and inbreds would become a public variety since everybody has access to the parental materials at a cost and with due acknowledgement of the breeding institution. Likewise, for seed producers, especially the established and capable agricultural cooperatives who wish to venture into hybrid seed production, they could have access to the parental seed at the breeding institution on a per hectare basis. 100
Table 4. Maize hybrids/varieties released by the Philippine seed Board. 1992-1993. PSB Var Grain yield (t/ha) Maturity (days) Wet Dry Breeder Hybrid: XCVi 11 XCVi 15 XCVi 16 XCVi 18 CPX 22 CPX 3122 AH 190 MX 8190 MX 8336 Y 1352 G P 3246 IPS 919 IPS 921 IPS 329 CTH 501 OPVs: 5.59 90 101 5.75 91 101 5.94 100 99 6.78 97 99 6.28 92 97 6.58 88 93 6.33 95 98 6.33 98 98 7.54 91 99 6.65 97 98 6.75 92 98 6.15 95 101 6.80 95 101 6.66 92 101 6.63 92 97 COrn World Cargill Seeds, Inc. Asian Hybrid, Phil. Inc. Pioneer Overseas CO. IPB-UPLB Cargill Seeds, Inc. IES 8906 USM Var 5 USM Var 10 5.75 6.37 6.21 92 93 92 95 98 96 DA-DVIARC lJSMARC USMARC Source: National COOperative Testing Program on COrn, 1993. Mean of 2 seasons from 13 testing sites in the country. Status and prospect of the maize hybrid program in Phi lippines Yield levels of existing hybrids obtained from experiment stations, demonstration farms, and land of advanced farmers could reach more than 6.0 t/ha under high level inputs. This shows the potential of hybrid corn in the prime lands of the country. As for breeding programs, the country has a number of maize breeders, sufficient germplasm, and resources to carry out the program. There are also several private seed companies working on the development of hybrid maize appropriate for the various environments. Problems and constraints The most important constraints in maize technology are identified to be deeply rooted inthe production and the marketing phases. At the production level, the main problems are related to the type of maize planted by the farmer as well as site-specific problems. The four major problems stressed by corn growers as a group are as follows: 1) low price during the peak harvest period, 2) lack of post-harvest facilities, 3) limited financing available for production. 4) drought. Beyond those problems, the hybrid maize growers ranked as important the high costs of hybrid seeds, fertilizer, and pesticide, and low yields under drought conditions. Growers of non-hybrids only added the problem of strong winds causing lodging during windy periods. A summary of the problems, under what conditions they occur, and the implications is given 101
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
Page 56 and 57: Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
Page 58 and 59: EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 62 and 63: Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 68 and 69: MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
Page 70 and 71: to rice in order to reach self-suff
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 78 and 79: tion with estate or mini-estate typ
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 94 and 95: Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
Page 96 and 97: were unacceptable in some parts due
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 100 and 101: HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 110 and 111: Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
Page 112 and 113: support. The versatile planter/fert
Page 114 and 115: Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
Page 116 and 117: T1l1t:i----------------------------
Page 118 and 119: the maha season. Yala season is cha
Page 120 and 121: . Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
Page 122 and 123: Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
Page 124 and 125: It took almost 10 years to develop
Page 126 and 127: g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
Page 128 and 129: 3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
Page 130 and 131: experiments showed that the fertili
Page 132 and 133: Long term evaluation of mass releas
Page 134 and 135: Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
Page 136 and 137: DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
Page 138 and 139: Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
Page 140 and 141: was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
Page 142 and 143: Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
Page 144 and 145: 4. Prevention and control of aflato
Page 146 and 147: Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
Page 148 and 149: Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
Page 150 and 151: Early rainy season plantings have a
Page 152 and 153: P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
Page 154 and 155: In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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