Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regional Maize Workshop - Search ...

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To recover value, seed companies can theoretically charge an amount up to, but not exceeding, the value they add. Farmer benefit is a function of the value added to improved seed. The farmer should not get less than 3 times (preferably 5 to 6 times) the return on his investment in seed. Depending upon the complexity of the cross and the amount of value added, hybrid seed is generally priced at 10 to 30 times the value of the crop's commodity price. If a seed company is to become successful, farmers must share in the value added (farmer's benefit). The seed grower must benefit by earning more than what he would from a commercial crop. And, the seed company must benefit by earning an acceptable return on investment. Farmers will pay for hybrid seed if it benefits them regardless of its price premium. Farmers in the developing world have centuries of crop growing experience, even if they may lack the formal education of their colleagues in the developed world. Higher input levels are no disincentive to use of hybrids. Key words: Hybrid - Seed - Industry, IPR, PVR, UPOV convention. Intnoduction The seed industry in the developing countries is in an embryonic growth stage. Seed companies in those countries are typically small fami1y-owned businesses. They generally focus on multiplying and distributing seed originating from the National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) and/or the International Agricultural Research Centers (lARes). By contrast, the seed industry of the developed world is mature. It is going through a period of transition involving globalization, restructuring and consolidation. New technologies, particularly biotechnology have, in recent years, driven this structural change. These technologies have led to shifting alliances between established seed companies and to links with complimentary industries. The acquisitions of seed firms by agrichemica1 companies, and the strategic alliances being forged between them and food processors and biotechnology firms are notable examples. In the late 1970's and early 1980's, many multinationals (MNCs) determined that seed would be the primary carrier of new technologies and therefore began to aggressively acquire seed businesses (Table 1). By acquiring those businesses, MNCs hoped to capture margins along the length of the agribusiness chain, from the laboratory to the farmer. Table 1. seed industry acquisition and merger mania - 1970s and 1980s (selected examples). Multinational Acquired company Ciba-Geigy Dow Chemical Elf Acquitaine (Sanofi) Hoechst ICI Funk Seed International United Agriseeds Dahlgren, King Agro, France Canada Semence Nunhems, Canners, Hi1d Garst, SES, Sinclair Mc Gill, Mi1n Marsters, Edw. J. Funk Contiseeds, Lubrizo1 Rhone Poulenc Sandoz Upjohn Agrigenetics, (Jacques, McCurdy, Lynnville, Sigco) Callahan, Clause (50%), Harris-Moran (50%) Northrup King, Stauffer Seed, Vaughans, Hilleshog, Weibull, Sluis &Groot Asgrow, O's Gold, Bruinsma 226
This strategy has not worked for many MNCs. Firstly, because the time element in converting technologies into products has taken much longer than originally envisioned. secondly, there has been a confl ict between the entrepreneurial management style of Slll811 companies vs. the hierarchial and in most cases bureaucratic style of most MNCs. Thirdly, the learning curve has been longer and more complex than expected and has lead to poor financial performance. Lately, foiI'Cs have come to realize that the seed business is different than the chemical or pharamaceutical business. Unlike chemicals, 8 variety cannot be marketed globally, but only in agroclimatic regions similar to where it was developed. Most toties are dissatisfied with the payoff in the seed business to date. It is expected that as chemical oompanies exit from the seed industry, the acquired businesses are likely to revert back to the "genuine seedsmen". In the late 1980's and early 1990'S, many multinationals began to divest their seed business and are still in the process of doing so (Table 2). Table 2. The seed industry divestment mania - 19905 (selected examples). Multinational Divested oompany Arco Chemical British Petroleum British SUgar Pfizer Shell Orsan Rohm & Haas Elf Acquitaine (sanofi) SUnseeds Edward J. Funk Germain's, W.L. Research 3~ interest in Dekalb Plant Genetics Nickerson International Seed Co., Ltd. Wilson Hybrids, Western Plant Breeders Rohm & Haas Seeds, Inc. Dahlgren, Rustica Today there are essentially two broad divisions (Table 3) within the global seed indUstry, namely: - the Hybrid seed sector, and - the Non-Hybrid seed sector. The hybrid seed industry is characterized by high R&D costs, high prices, high margins, and is primari ly controlled by the private sector in both developed and developing countries. The nonhybrid seed industry is characterized by low R&D costs, low prices and low margins, and is primarily in the public domain in developing countries and in the private sector in developed countries. Table 3. Seed industry characteristics in high, middle and low income countries. Industry High Income Middle Income Low Income HYBRID · Volume high medium low · Value high high high · Margins high high high · Sector private - private publtc and private · Stage of Development mature growth embryonic NON-HYBRID · Volume high high high · Value low low low · Margins low low low · Sector private public and private public · Stage of Development growth embryonic embryonic 227
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
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A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
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Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
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ut they have been selecting ears fr
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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
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to rice in order to reach self-suff
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0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
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. According to the findings of the
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IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
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tion with estate or mini-estate typ
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Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
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techniques. References Anonymous. 1
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Table 1. Total area under maize and
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Year Township Area planted Total pr
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cover, short plant stature, and sat
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Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
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3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
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Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
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were unacceptable in some parts due
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Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
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of highly productive technologies,
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Maize varietal improvement continue
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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
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elow to help clarify the farm level
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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
Page 182 and 183: Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
Page 184 and 185: evaluation are conducted in only on
Page 186 and 187: Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
Page 188 and 189: Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
Page 190 and 191: v) Incentives to private sector are
Page 192 and 193: possible through adoption of suitab
Page 194 and 195: will be described highlighting thos
Page 196 and 197: will fluctuate. As a general rule,
Page 198 and 199: help of maize breeders from the nat
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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Page 204 and 205: c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
Page 206 and 207: Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
Page 208 and 209: HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
Page 212 and 213: At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
Page 214 and 215: when grown under farmers' condition
Page 216 and 217: seed often varies substantially bec
Page 218 and 219: kilograms of maize grain that must
Page 220 and 221: Table 8. COst of producing, process
Page 222 and 223: case in which the hybrid replaces a
Page 224 and 225: J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
Page 226 and 227: egions which do not allow a suffici
Page 228 and 229: participation; where foreign compan
Page 230 and 231: Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
Page 234 and 235: In recent years, many new companies
Page 236 and 237: nology and its reliance on patents,
Page 238 and 239: Table 6. Intellectual property righ
Page 240 and 241: for crop improvement programs. It i
Page 242 and 243: capabi 1ities Despite these constra
Page 244 and 245: TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
Page 246 and 247: * Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
Page 248 and 249: CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
Page 250 and 251: RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
Page 252 and 253: ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
Page 254 and 255: ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
Page 256 and 257: PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
Page 258 and 259: Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
Page 260 and 261: Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
Page 262 and 263: VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
Page 264 and 265: (Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
Page 266: 1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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