Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regional Maize Workshop - Search ...

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Questions to the author: FROM: S. Kumar Q What is the major problem pest encountered for maize in Nepal, and what is the most successful control measure recommended? A Most destructive insects are: Field insects: Cut worm (Agrotis spp) Maize Stem Borer (Chilo partellus) Army worm (Mythima separate) Field cricket (Brachytrupes portentsus) Storage insects: Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) For field insects: We are using liquid insecticides and Granular insecticides (whorl application) for field cricket. For field cricket, we applied poison baits just after maize germination. Liquid insecticides - Metasystox, Me tacid, granular - Furadan ~ G, Sevin 5%. For storage insects: We treat seed with insecticide (dust) available in the market to store seed for next sowing. 88
HYBRID MAIZE DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN M. Saleem 1{ M. Aslam Yand H. Nawaz Y Abstract In Pakistan, maize is used for animal feed and for human consumption. At present, yields are low due to extensive use of local varieties, traditional tillage practices, and low inputs. Preference is for early semiflint varieties that can tolerate high densities and low inputs. Originally US hybrids were tested in 1951-1968 but did not succeed due to late maturity, dented yellow grain, and problems associated with seed production and high cost of seed. In general, high yielding hybrids continue to have these same limitations and hence the low adaption of hybrids in the country. For successful hybrid utilization and expansion of area, hybrids are required to have early maturity, flint semiflint kernels, resistant to foliar diseases and stalk rots, and easily and cheaply produced. Main limitation of utilization of hybrid seed in Pakistan is the seed availability. It is recommended that the development and establishment of a seed industry should be following scientific lines. Maize is potentially one of the highest yielding cereals·and is of great importanGe to the rural farming community of Pakistan. It is produced over a wide range of agroecological zones, for a variety of purposes, and within both market and subsistence oriented farming systems. Maize is gaining an increasingly important position due to recent changes in Government policy regarding expansion in the textile industry, poultry feed, maize products, etc. Besides, maize is also used as human food in many maize based farming systems of Pakistan. An increasing trend for its demand has been observed for the last several years. To meet this challenge, we can not expect a major shift in cropping patterns or expansion in the area. Therefore, there is a need to improve maize production vertically rather than horizontally. No doubt, there has been some progress in the use of improved synthetics or open-pollinated varieties, but seed production has always remained a serious problem in the way of yield improvement per hectare on the whole. One of the major reasons being the disinterest of private seed companies in the seed multiplication of open-pollinated varieties. Presently, maize yield per unit area is low primarily due to the use of local varieties, traditional tillage practices, and use of low inputs. Growers generally prefer early maturing or semi flint cultivars/hybrids that can tolerate high plant density, with response to low input utilization, poor weed control, and which can still give good grain and stalk yield. More importantly, a cultivar or hybrid is accepted by farmers only when it properly fits in their cropping pattern and can tolerate environmental stresses in which that cultivar is grown. Therefore, the breeder needs to remember that he is operating in a stressful environment and hence should develop widely adapted hybrid cultivars that must match the growing conditions of subsistence farmers. Some exotic hybrids such as US 13, Indiana 909, and US 523, were tested during 1958-68 and earlier, but had limited adoption in Pakistan due to the following reasons (Saleem, et aT., 1993) : 1) They were late maturing and could not fit into the prevailing cropping pattern. 2) They possessed dent grains while growers prefer flint types. 3) US 13 hybrid and some other ones lJ Associate Professor, Plant Breeding and Genetics Dept. NWFP Agric. Univ., Peshawar, Pakistan. 1/, lVMaize Coordinator and Senior Scientific Officer, respectively, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. 89
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
Page 44 and 45: ty levels. Selection interia should
Page 46 and 47: Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
Page 48 and 49: ~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
Page 50 and 51: inbred 1ines possessing good genera
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Details of medium and earl
Page 54 and 55: increasing the yield levels of the
Page 56 and 57: Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
Page 58 and 59: EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 62 and 63: Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 68 and 69: MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
Page 70 and 71: to rice in order to reach self-suff
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 78 and 79: tion with estate or mini-estate typ
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 96 and 97: were unacceptable in some parts due
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 100 and 101: HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 106 and 107: Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 110 and 111: Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
Page 112 and 113: support. The versatile planter/fert
Page 114 and 115: Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
Page 116 and 117: T1l1t:i----------------------------
Page 118 and 119: the maha season. Yala season is cha
Page 120 and 121: . Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
Page 122 and 123: Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
Page 124 and 125: It took almost 10 years to develop
Page 126 and 127: g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
Page 128 and 129: 3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
Page 130 and 131: experiments showed that the fertili
Page 132 and 133: Long term evaluation of mass releas
Page 134 and 135: Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
Page 136 and 137: DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
Page 138 and 139: Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
Page 140 and 141: was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
Page 142 and 143: Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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