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to rice in order to reach self-sufficiency in food production. 6. Constraints. A. SOCio-economic constraints The main socio-economic constraints for the development of the maize-based production systems are: 1. Diversity in socio-economic conditions of maize growers. 2. Insufficient access to credit for intensive cropping. 3. Insufficient support services: research and extension. 4. Great ethnic diversity among maize growers. 5. Difficult access to many regions where farmers grow maize. B. Agroecological and technical constraints The main agroecological and technical constraints for he development of maize production are the following: 1. Inbreeding depression in local varieties due to a small population size of each different and isolated type. 2. High incidence of the downy mildew disease in lowlands. 3. High weed infestation in fields of the Vientiane plain. 4. Wide range of agroecological environments with various types of maize cropping systems. 5. Low fertility of upland soils. 7. Acqui red knowl edge. Most research activities have been conducted under on-station conditions at Hat Dok Keo, Naphok, and to some extent at Pakcheng and Nabong. Emphasis has been on improved varieties of feed maize. The major achievements are the following: a. Varietal selection and improvement: The variety HDK 4 has been created and promoted for the lowland farmers of the Vientiane plain for animal feed production. several other varieties or populations from the international variety trials were identified as promising: Suwan-1, Pop.28, etc. "rhese varieties were identified for high to medium input environments and according to their resistance to the downy mildew disease. Mass selection is being applied on HDK 4 to maintain a certain level of purity since it appeared to become less productive than Suwan-1. b. Improve.ent of cultural practices: The cultural practices for HDK 4 and similar varieties are well known for the Vientiane plain and for both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Plant density is estimated to be optimum with 53,000 plants/ha. Planting is made by dibbling 3 seeds every 42 em along rows spaced 90 em apart and thinning at 2 plants per hole. Fertilizer rates for soils similar to Naphok's acrisols are 45/45-50-20 (NPK) kg/ha. several fertilizer trials have been conducted on maize at Naphok showing important deficiencies in nitrogen and phosphorus in the soils of the Vientiane plain. Irrigation techniques have been developed for dry season irrigated maize. c. Improvement of plant protection: Varietal resistance has been promoted against the downy mildew disease. Varieties are systematically evaluated and screened for their resistance to the downy mildew disease. The variety Suwan-1 has shown the best resistance to downy mildew, followed by HDK 4. Pesticide treatments have been developed for protection against the most common insect pests. d. Post-harvest technology: Techniques for seed storage have been developed, but some aspects related to seed quality control can still be improved. Some preliminary observations have been collected also on sweet corn varieties at Naphok and at Hat Dok Keo. Hat Dok Keo has set up a gene bank collection for maize. Naphok has developed the artificial hand pollination method for maintaining the purity of the selected varieties. In summary, past research activities have placed emphasis on improvement of feed maize varieties grown with a high level of inputs. On-farm trials were never conducted on maize, and there were no research activities in the major maize producing areas (northern provinces). Research on maize used as human food was recently initiated in a small-scale manner. 64
lIn CHI "'N .•.,. L£DIND Ie II • Kilometers ___ 'roVINUll &'U,.,flflY St..t( 111,'DD~.a. __ lnftrn~Utnallto\lndary LAO. PDR• ..,". IDZ", Fig. 1. Lao People's Democratic Republic. Tabl. 2. Ar.a, production and yield data in di fferent province in Lao PDR (1990-92). 1990 1991 1992 ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------------ Area Prod. Yield Area Prod. Yield Area Prod. Yield (ha) (lit) (t/ha) (ha) (lnt) (t/ha) (ha) (lit) (t/ha) 1. Vientiane Nun. 300 600 2.00 2550 4972 1.95 2600 5148 1.98 2. Phongealy 1650 4210 2.55 1867 4250 1.68 1684 4292 2.55 3. Luangnalltha 1000 2500 2.50 1010 2525 2.50 1020 2550 2.50 4. OUdOllxay 4150 1525 3.50 5150 18025 3.50 5202 18207 3.50 5. 8okeo 450 1440 3.20 455 1454 3.20 460 1471 3.20 6. Luangprabang 3998 3486 0.86 4519 10805 2.39 4564 10908 2.39 7. Houaphanh 75113 6655 0.88 7638 6721 0.88 7714 6798 0.88 8. Sayaboury 1794 4851 2.70 1159 1985 1. 71 1171 3079 2.63 9. Xiengkouang 3937 8139 1.56 37911 6203 1.56 4016 62565 1.56 10. Vientiane 2800 6430 2.30 2814 11472 2.30 2828 6505 2.03 11. 80likhuxay 1750 2765 1.58 1759 2775 1.58 1768 2790 1.58 12. K~ 900 2025 2.25 905 2035 2.25 910 2046 2.25 13. Savannakhet 3435 5840 1. 70 274 521 1.90 275 468 1. 76 14. Saravanh 700 1820 2.60 704 1829 2.80 708 1840 2.80 15. Sekong 900 1080 1.20 972 1166 1.20 977 1172 1.20 16. ChUlpasack 845 1603 1.90 193 251 1.30 194 369 1.90 17. Attapeu 498 597 1,20 500 820 1. 24 503 594 1.18 TOTAL 36670 86566 36245 72609 36594 74491 65
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Land suitability for maize
Page 21 and 22: Depending on how this wheat is rele
Page 23 and 24: Individual field sizes in the GKF a
Page 25 and 26: Table 12. Demonstration block resul
Page 27 and 28: alance of composite, synthetics and
Page 29 and 30: Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
Page 31 and 32: ~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
Page 34 and 35: 3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
Page 36 and 37: 3. Farmers could not afford to purc
Page 38 and 39: Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
Page 40 and 41: 100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
Page 42 and 43: + The planting area of inbred line
Page 44 and 45: ty levels. Selection interia should
Page 46 and 47: Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
Page 48 and 49: ~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
Page 50 and 51: inbred 1ines possessing good genera
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Details of medium and earl
Page 54 and 55: increasing the yield levels of the
Page 56 and 57: Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
Page 58 and 59: EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 62 and 63: Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 68 and 69: MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 78 and 79: tion with estate or mini-estate typ
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 94 and 95: Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
Page 96 and 97: were unacceptable in some parts due
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 100 and 101: HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 106 and 107: Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 110 and 111: Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
Page 112 and 113: support. The versatile planter/fert
Page 114 and 115: Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
Page 116 and 117: T1l1t:i----------------------------
Page 118 and 119: the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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