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were unacceptable in some parts due to yellow grain color. 4) F1 production was a tedious job and farmers were not willing to purchase fresh seed every year at high cost. More recently, some multinational seed companies, the local seed company, Rafhan Maize Products Co. and Provincial Research Institutes are involved in the development and distribution of hybrid maize seed. Hybrid seed is planted in a limited area (54,000-56,000 ha) by contract growers in the Punjab Province in the spring season. All hybrid seed is provided by Rafhan Maize Products Co. (Khan, 1993). During the main growing season (kharif) only 20 tons of hybrid seed are provided by all multinational seed companies combined. The limited use of hybrid seed in Pakistan is attributed to the following factors: a. All exotic hybrids are of full-season maturity, about a month later than what farmer's would prefer to grow. b. Almost all hybrid seed is imported. This activity increases the price of hybrid seed beyond the purchasing power of a common maize grower. c. Imported hybrids are developed from full-season inbreds, which can not be successfully produced in the subtropical environment of Pakistan. Parents of hybrids, therefore, can not be maintained easily or grown without risk. d. Most foreign hybrids are bred specifically for favorable growing conditions, but Pakistani growers have experienced disappointments when these hybrids were grown under suboptimal conditions or when stresses occurred during the growing season. e. Because imported seed remains for a long time in shipment, its quality often deterio rates. f. Little incentives are provided by the Government to private seed companies. For the above reasons, there is a need for short duration hybrids, well adapted to local conditions, and whose seed could be cheaply and easily produced. Hybrids developed from elite local populations could be the only suitable source of hybrid seed. In the past, no serious attempts were made to locally develop and produce short duration F1 hybrids for commercial cultivation. The hybrid breeding program could not be established on a sound footing due to lack of financial resources and technical manpower, sound seed production and distribution system, and many other related problems. Maize hybrids under relatively good management can give higher yields than open-pollinated varieties with much better uniformity of maturity, plant height, and disease resistance. The hybrid maize breeding program was initiated with the following objectives: 1. To develop short duration F1 hybrids (85-90 days) for areas with intensive cropping pattern and where late planting Virginia tobacco is grown. 2. To select high yielding and stable hybrids, resistant to leaf blights and stalk rots. Development of inbred lines. Research on inbred line development from four adapted and elite populations was started in 1984. With the availability of two seasons per year, selfing and selection was twice as fast as having only one season per year. A standard pedigree selection proced~re was used where S2 plants were tested for general combining ability. Many S2 lines were discarded at this early stage. Considerable work has been reported on the development of short duration maize hybrids by numerous workers. Inoue and Okabe (1982) in a study on a method of breeding inbred lines of maize reported visual selection to be very effective for vigor, ear morphology, disease, and insect tolerance and lodging if inbred populations were derived from primary open-pollinated varieties. Oyervides, et a7. (1985), reported that US Corn Belt populations could be a source of useful alleles for yield, early maturity, and short plant height for tropical or sUbtropical areas. Cross (1979) reported a new breeding technique for selecting early high yielding maize by use of the marker gene Rnj (purple aleurone gene), which indicates the rate and/or duration of grain filling. On the basis of their combining ability from each group, selected inbred lines were crossed to check their performance in hybrid combinations. Hybrids were tested in single cross, three-way, and double cross combinations. Some good single cross hybrids were also crossed to adapted improved open-pollinated varieties as double topcrosses. Selected hybrids were extensively tested in multi location trials for several years. 90
Results on performance of some hybrids are presented in Tables 1 to 5. In all trials, hybrids PSH 817 and PSH 107 proved to be outstanding in terms of yield, early maturity, and disease resistance. In almost all trials, the performance of these two hybrids remained stable with consistent ranking. They significantly outyielded many other hybrids and improved openpollinated checks. These hybrids were earlier in maturity with better levels of disease resistance, and were recommended for official approval by the government for commercial production. Both hybrids can be grown in spring as well as in the main kharif or summer seasons. Table 1. Cereal Crop Res. Inst. (OCRI) maize hybrid yield trial. Pirsabak, 1992 Spring. Entry Grain yield 50% silk Plts./ha Ears/ha Sta1k (kg/ha) (days) rot (%) PHS 817 9657 85 70,666 68,666 3 PSH 217 9390 87 74,666 67,333 5 PSH 107 9116 87 68,000 68,333 6 PSH 157 9067 85 72,666 65,000 5 PSH 2912 8960 86 72,333 67,333 3 PSH 1229 8960 86 69,666 64,333 4 PSH 307 8850 86 75,333 69,000 5 Sarhad (Y) 8187 90 69,000 64,667 10 (Check-1) Kisan 7110 84 69,666 65,333 6 LSD (0.05) = 934 C.V. (%) = 7.89 seed production. One of the main reasons for the low yields of maize in Pakistan is the nonavailability of improved seed. Unless government provides incentives to private seed growers, multinational seed companies, provincial institutions and individuals involved in seed production, yield improvement in farmers' fields seems unlikely. Presently there are many types of taxes on seed imports. The seed industry in maize producing provinces must be established on scientific lines. References Cross, H.Z. 1979. A new breeding technique for selecting early high yield corns. N. Dakota Farm Res. 37: 27. Dept. Agron. N. Dak. Univ. Fargo, USA. Inoue, Y., Okabe, T. 1982. Studies on a method of breeding inbred lines of maize (Zea maize L.). Res. Bul. Hokkaido Natl. Agric, Expt. Sta. No. 133. Japan. Oyerrides-Garcia M., A. R. Hallauer, and H. CorteZ-Mendoza. 1985. Evaluation of improved maize populations in Mexico and the US Cornbelt. Crop Sci. 25: 25. saleem, M. and H. Rahman. 1993. Methods of breeding cross pollinated crops. In Elements of Plant Breeding. Elena Bashir ed. A. Rahman Khan. 1993. General Manager, Cargill Pakistan Seed (Ltd). Personal communication. 91
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
Page 46 and 47: Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
Page 48 and 49: ~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
Page 50 and 51: inbred 1ines possessing good genera
Page 52 and 53: Table 3. Details of medium and earl
Page 54 and 55: increasing the yield levels of the
Page 56 and 57: Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
Page 58 and 59: EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
Page 60 and 61: A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
Page 62 and 63: Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
Page 66 and 67: ut they have been selecting ears fr
Page 68 and 69: MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
Page 70 and 71: to rice in order to reach self-suff
Page 72 and 73: 0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
Page 74 and 75: . According to the findings of the
Page 76 and 77: IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
Page 78 and 79: tion with estate or mini-estate typ
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
Page 82 and 83: techniques. References Anonymous. 1
Page 84 and 85: Table 1. Total area under maize and
Page 86 and 87: Year Township Area planted Total pr
Page 88 and 89: cover, short plant stature, and sat
Page 90 and 91: Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
Page 92 and 93: 3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
Page 94 and 95: Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
Page 98 and 99: Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
Page 100 and 101: HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
Page 102 and 103: of highly productive technologies,
Page 104 and 105: Maize varietal improvement continue
Page 106 and 107: Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
Page 108 and 109: elow to help clarify the farm level
Page 110 and 111: Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
Page 112 and 113: support. The versatile planter/fert
Page 114 and 115: Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
Page 116 and 117: T1l1t:i----------------------------
Page 118 and 119: the maha season. Yala season is cha
Page 120 and 121: . Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
Page 122 and 123: Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
Page 124 and 125: It took almost 10 years to develop
Page 126 and 127: g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
Page 128 and 129: 3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
Page 130 and 131: experiments showed that the fertili
Page 132 and 133: Long term evaluation of mass releas
Page 134 and 135: Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
Page 136 and 137: DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
Page 138 and 139: Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
Page 140 and 141: was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
Page 142 and 143: Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
Page 144 and 145: 4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
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evaluation are conducted in only on
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Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
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Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
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v) Incentives to private sector are
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possible through adoption of suitab
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will be described highlighting thos
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will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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help of maize breeders from the nat
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Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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use as OPVs and broad based synthet
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c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
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Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
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HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
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Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
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At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
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when grown under farmers' condition
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seed often varies substantially bec
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kilograms of maize grain that must
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Table 8. COst of producing, process
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case in which the hybrid replaces a
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J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
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egions which do not allow a suffici
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participation; where foreign compan
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Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
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To recover value, seed companies ca
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In recent years, many new companies
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nology and its reliance on patents,
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Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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