Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regional Maize Workshop - Search ...

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At the same time that CIMMYT was shifting its germplasm improvement efforts to focus on OPVs, several national maize research programs were also beginning to concentrate on population improvement activities, with the ultimate objective of producing improved OPVs for small-scale farmers. Among these was the Rockefeller-led regional effort based in Thailand. The widespread shift in breeding focus was reflected at the global level in a marked increase in the proportion of OPVs released during the 1970s. The emphasis on OPVs was especially pronounced in tropical maize, to which CIMMYT devotes most of its breeding efforts. The results of this OPV-led strategy were mixed. A ffIIIW outstanding successes were realized, as in Thailand, where improved OPVs were adopted on most of the maize area, and where a combination of publ ic and private efforts to produce and market seed led to the emergence of a dynamic seed industry that enabled most farmers to replace seed annually. More commonly, however, the adoption of improved OPVs was less extensive than expected. seed supply and Qual ity were often inadequate, in many cases because seed production was left to inefficient parastatal seed companies or assigned to COlIIIl.Inity developnent projects lacking in technical expertise. Even where improved OPVs were initially adopted, few farmers replaced seed on a regular basis. Edwin Wellhausen, the first director of the CIMMYT Maize Program, summed up his frustrations with OPV seed production efforts: During my 32 years of promotion of maize production in the tropics, I have been unable to interest either the public sector or the private sector in the production of large volumes of seed of OPVs. Where [OPV seed] is produced, it is produced by individual farmers, or as a stopgap by CXlIlIII8rcial seed producers, unti 1 some kind of hybrid can be developed. (Wellhausen, 1978). Meanwhile, as efforts to promote improved OPVs faltered, a number of success stories emerged to show that hybrid maize could be adopted profitably by small-scale farmers. In Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, adoption of hybrids by small-scale farmers resulted fran a "spillover" out of the conmercial farming sector (Fi~re 2). In all three of these countries, hybrids were initially targeted at large-scale commercial farmers, but when the superior performance of the conmercial hybrids caused them to be sought out by small-scale farmers, seed companies recognized a potential new market and adjusted their packaging and marketing strategies accordingly. Other countries in which hybrids were widely adopted by small-scale farmers included El salvador, Venezuela, China, and India. 100 80 60 Pen'ent oflU'e8 40 SrmII-scaie semi-sWsislcn:e flmlOn 20 o...LL---------L ---L ---L 19S5 1965 1975 1985 SaJn:8: -"ngaidz.(lllll1~ Fig. 2. Adoption of hybrid maize in Zimbabwe. Most of the early success stories featuring adoption of hybrid seed by small-scale farmers had several features in common: 206
10.000 Yield kglha) 8.000 6.000 4.000 2,000 g =annual growth (%) ............................................................:...........................................................................................•............ '' •.,/1=';=3 ..• ~. , ...... i .; -"-""'-,:;A..:·-~,I;:·~+, .~.,. 8 23.5 i ! ~¥"--:·~~~;;;:;:::~·;~Immmm"'ml'mjm O-t------,-----~----,-----~-,-----------r---~-----, 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Source: BrO'Ml (1966), and FN) data. Fig. 1a. Maize yields in USA, 1990-92. 100 200 Areaurxler hybrid seed 160 Percent ofarea 60 ij . .... :~:.:.:i: L.. _ . Nitrogen use 40 -,i /............................................................. 80 120 Nitrogen (kgIha) 20 , . .. 40 .. ..- Ii 0f-------,------=.:.:...----.-----,-------r----,--------i0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Sources: Hybrid seed - USQA Agricultural Statistics (various years). Herbicide. nitrogen - Sunquist eI al. (1982), upd8ted in Munson and Runge (1989). Fig. 1b. Trends in hybrid seed adoption, herbicide adoption, nitrogen use on maize in USA, 1933-89. 207
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
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A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
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Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
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ut they have been selecting ears fr
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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
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to rice in order to reach self-suff
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0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
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. According to the findings of the
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IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
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tion with estate or mini-estate typ
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Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
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techniques. References Anonymous. 1
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Table 1. Total area under maize and
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Year Township Area planted Total pr
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cover, short plant stature, and sat
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Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
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3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
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Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
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were unacceptable in some parts due
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Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
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of highly productive technologies,
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Maize varietal improvement continue
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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
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elow to help clarify the farm level
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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
Page 162 and 163: VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
Page 164 and 165: 6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
Page 166 and 167: MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
Page 168 and 169: method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
Page 170 and 171: can vary by the complexity of inher
Page 172 and 173: Table 3. Response to selection for
Page 174 and 175: Table 5. Comparative responses for
Page 176 and 177: increased response for grain yield.
Page 178 and 179: Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
Page 180 and 181: Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
Page 182 and 183: Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
Page 184 and 185: evaluation are conducted in only on
Page 186 and 187: Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
Page 188 and 189: Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
Page 190 and 191: v) Incentives to private sector are
Page 192 and 193: possible through adoption of suitab
Page 194 and 195: will be described highlighting thos
Page 196 and 197: will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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Page 204 and 205: c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
Page 206 and 207: Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
Page 208 and 209: HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
Page 214 and 215: when grown under farmers' condition
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Page 218 and 219: kilograms of maize grain that must
Page 220 and 221: Table 8. COst of producing, process
Page 222 and 223: case in which the hybrid replaces a
Page 224 and 225: J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
Page 226 and 227: egions which do not allow a suffici
Page 228 and 229: participation; where foreign compan
Page 230 and 231: Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
Page 232 and 233: To recover value, seed companies ca
Page 234 and 235: In recent years, many new companies
Page 236 and 237: nology and its reliance on patents,
Page 238 and 239: Table 6. Intellectual property righ
Page 240 and 241: for crop improvement programs. It i
Page 242 and 243: capabi 1ities Despite these constra
Page 244 and 245: TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
Page 246 and 247: * Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
Page 248 and 249: CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
Page 250 and 251: RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
Page 252 and 253: ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
Page 254 and 255: ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
Page 256 and 257: PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
Page 258 and 259: Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
Page 260 and 261: Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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