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participation; where foreign companies are welcome, often they are able to import products developed elsewhere and to adapt them to local production conditions (as opposed to developing new products from scratch). Larger companies with their own R&D programs strongly support plant varietal protection laws. It is important to note that the support for plant varietal protection comes from both national and multinational companies; the key factor is not where they are incorporated, but rather how large they are and the extent to which they are investing in R&D. 5. Conclusions Most countries of Asia are now (or_will soon be) witnessing an unprecedented surge in the demand for maize, stimulated in large part by rapidly rising consumption of livestock products. One of the major potential sources of future growth in maize production to meet this demand will be hybrid technology. In South and SOUtheast Asia, where use of hybrid maize is still very low, initial adoption of hybrid seed has the potential to make a particularly dramatic impact. In China, on the other hand, where adoption of hybrids is already well advanced and where there is a mature market for hybrid seed, replacement of old hybrids by newer, higher yielding hybrids will be the major source of future yield growth. It is now well established that hybrid maize can and will be profitably adopted by small-scale farmers, provided good quality seed is readily available at reasonable prices. We have noted in this paper the wide variation in prices of hybrid seed, even seed of the same type of hybrid. Since evidence from a number of countries suggests that seed-to-grain price ratios on the order of 10:1 or less (for double-cross hybrids) may be necessary to encourage widespread adoption of hybrid maize, it is important to understand the factors which affect seed pricing strategies. Maintaining low seed-to-grain price ratios apparently requires an efficient seed industry, strong support from public-sector R&D in the form of inbreds and finished hybrids, and active promotion of hybrid technologies by the public extension service. A variety of institutional arrangements involving different degrees of public and private sector participation have proven to be effective in fostering the emergence and establishment of hybrid seed markets. Generally speaking, during the initial stages of market development private companies have a comparative advantage in seed production and marketing activities, while public institutions have a comparative advantage in R&D. However, incentives to invest in research change as seed markets mature. In emerging seed markets, potential returns to R&D are limited, and public breeding programs must be expected to take the lead in developing not only basic germp1asm, but also more finished products suitable for immediate distribution. As seed markets evolve and mature, however, incentives for private sector investment in R&D increase, and private seed companies can be expected to assume a greater role in developing products specifically designed for well-identified niches. When this happens, institutional arrangements must evolve to accommodate the changing role of the private sector, and changes will usually be required in IPR laws, as well as in procedures for varietal testing and release. As private companies assume a greater role in R&D, public research organizations frequently will have to reorient their activities to place greater emphasis on the development of basic germp1asm, rather than finished products. But Whatever the stage of market development, each country must develop a strategy that exploits the complementarity between the public and private sector. Too often these two sectors have been viewed as competitors in the seed industry. Finally, while this paper has focused on hybrids, it should be emphasized that improved OPVs will continue to play an important role in some regions, such as the mountainous areas of northern Pakistan, northern India, and Nepal. The major challenge in promoting OPVs more widely in these areas is to find innovative ways to stimulate seed production. This will require government collaboration with non-governmental organizations, farmer cooperatives and individual farmer-seedsmen. 222
References Brown, L.R. 1966. Como Aumentar 1a Produccion Mundial de A1imentos. Problemas y Perspectivas. Manua1es UTEHA Numero 344/344a. Mexico, D.F.Union Tipografica Editorial Hispano Americana. Byer1ee, D. and P. Heisey. 1993. Performance of Hybrids under Low-Input Conditions in Eastern and Southern Africa. Draft Paper, Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT. Byer1ee, D., K. Khan, and M. saleem. 1991. "Revealing the Rationality of Farmers' Strategies: On-farm Maize Research in the Swat Valley, Northern Pakistan." In R.Tripp (ed). Planned Change in Farming Systems: Progress in On-farm Research. Chichester: John Wiley and sons. Byer1ee, D. and L. saad. 1993. CIMMYT's Economic Environment to 2000 and Beyond: A Revised Forecast. Draft Paper, Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT. CIMMYT. 1987. 1986 CIMMYT WOrld Maize Facts and Trends. The Economics of Commercial Maize seed Production in Developing Countries. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT. CHIMYT. 1988. From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommendations: An Economics Training Manual. completely Revised Edition. Mexico D.F.: CIMMYT. Cutie, J.T. 1975. Diffusion of Hybrid Corn Technology: The Case of E1 salvador. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT. Duvick, D.N. 1992. "Genetic contributions to advances in yield of U.S. maize." Maydica 37: 69-79. Garnaut, R. and G. Ma. 1992. Grain in China. Canberra, Australia: commonwealth Information Services of Australia. IRRI. 1991. International Rice Statistics, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos. Krisdiana, R., M. Dahl an , Herianto, C. van Santen, and L.W. Harrington. 1991. "From diagnosis to farmer adoption: MARIF's maize on-farm research programme in East Java, Indonesia." In R.Tripp (ed). Planned Change in Farming Systems: Progress in On-farm Research. Chichester: John Wiley and sons. Lopez-Pereira, M. and A. Espinosa C. 1993. "Anal isis Economico de 1a Produccion y Uso de Semilla Mejorada de Maiz: El Caso de Mexico." Paper presented at the XXXIX Annual Meetings of the Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de CultivQS y Animales (PCCMCA), March 28-April 3, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Mashingaidze, K. 1991. "Maize Research and Development." Paper prepared for the conference Zimbabwe's Agricultural Revolution: Implications for Southern Africa. Victoria Falls Hotel, Zimbabwe, 7-11 July, 1991. McMullen, N. 1987. Seeds and WOrld Agricultural Progress. Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association. Munson, R.D., and C.F. Runge. 1989. Agricultural competitiveness, Farm Fertilizer and Chemical Use, and Environmental Quality: A Descriptive Analysis. St. Paul, Minnesota: Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy at the University of Minnesota. Pioneer Hi-Bred International. 1992. Annual Report. Iowa, Johnston City. Rohrbach, D. 1989. The Economics of Smallholder Maize Production in Zimbabwe: Implications for Food Security. MSU International Development Paper No. 11., East Lansing: Michigan State University. Sehgal, S. 1992. "Opportunities in Hybrid Rice Development." Seed WOrld, 20-23, December 1990. SUndquist, K., K. Menz, and C.F. Neumeyer. 1982. A Technology Assessment of commercial Corn Production in the United States. Station Bulletin 546. St. Paul: Experiment Station, University of Minnesota. smale, M., with Z.H.W. Kaunda, H.L. Makina, M.M.M.K. Mkandawire, M.N.S. Msowoya, D.J.E.K. Mwale, and P.W. Heisey. 1991. Chimanga Cha Makolo, Hybrids, and composites: An Analysis of Farmers' Adoption of Maize Technology in Malawi, 1989-91. CIMMYT Economics WOrking Paper 91/04. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT. 223
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
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A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
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Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
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ut they have been selecting ears fr
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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
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to rice in order to reach self-suff
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0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
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. According to the findings of the
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IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
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tion with estate or mini-estate typ
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Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
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techniques. References Anonymous. 1
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Table 1. Total area under maize and
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Year Township Area planted Total pr
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cover, short plant stature, and sat
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Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
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3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
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Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
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were unacceptable in some parts due
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Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
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of highly productive technologies,
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Maize varietal improvement continue
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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
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elow to help clarify the farm level
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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
Page 178 and 179: Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
Page 180 and 181: Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
Page 182 and 183: Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
Page 184 and 185: evaluation are conducted in only on
Page 186 and 187: Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
Page 188 and 189: Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
Page 190 and 191: v) Incentives to private sector are
Page 192 and 193: possible through adoption of suitab
Page 194 and 195: will be described highlighting thos
Page 196 and 197: will fluctuate. As a general rule,
Page 198 and 199: help of maize breeders from the nat
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
Page 202 and 203: use as OPVs and broad based synthet
Page 204 and 205: c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
Page 206 and 207: Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
Page 208 and 209: HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
Page 212 and 213: At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
Page 214 and 215: when grown under farmers' condition
Page 216 and 217: seed often varies substantially bec
Page 218 and 219: kilograms of maize grain that must
Page 220 and 221: Table 8. COst of producing, process
Page 222 and 223: case in which the hybrid replaces a
Page 224 and 225: J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
Page 226 and 227: egions which do not allow a suffici
Page 230 and 231: Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
Page 232 and 233: To recover value, seed companies ca
Page 234 and 235: In recent years, many new companies
Page 236 and 237: nology and its reliance on patents,
Page 238 and 239: Table 6. Intellectual property righ
Page 240 and 241: for crop improvement programs. It i
Page 242 and 243: capabi 1ities Despite these constra
Page 244 and 245: TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
Page 246 and 247: * Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
Page 248 and 249: CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
Page 250 and 251: RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
Page 252 and 253: ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
Page 254 and 255: ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
Page 256 and 257: PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
Page 258 and 259: Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
Page 260 and 261: Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
Page 262 and 263: VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
Page 264 and 265: (Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
Page 266: 1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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