Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regional Maize Workshop - Search ...

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possible through adoption of suitable strategies and action programmes, based on each other's experiences. The future for maize in Asia appears to be bright provided sincere efforts for sustainable maize production are made by all concerned by adopting appropriate strategies and programmes. FNJ and CI~ are already playing an active role to promote regional collaboration on maize. However, donor support for regional cooperation is still needed for accelerating. programmes that would improve regional capabil ities for increased maize production and productivity. 186
HYBRID RESEARCH AT CI~ TO ACCELffiATE HYBRID MAIZE BREEDIOO IN THE OEVELOPIOO CXUffRIES S. K. Vasal and G. Srinivasan 11 Abstract This paper discusses the various hybrid research activities at CIMMYT which will help in accelerating the hybrid maize research efforts in the developing countries. The paper starts with an account of hybrid adoption in both developing and developed nations. Although the adoption of hybrid maize in developed countries has been spectacular in the current century, the developing world has been lagging behind in this technology. The emphasis on hybrids in the developing world has been see-sawing over the years, but has picked up momentum in recent years, due to the increased presence of the private sector in many countries and also due to the demand for hybrids from the farmers. Several reasons are speculated and discussed for this trend including the increased growth of national and mUltinationals, an increase in hybrid research efforts on the part of several national programs, and relatively less apparent impact of the open pollinated varieties (OPVs) for the past several decades. "rhe activities of the hybrid program at CIMMYT are discussed emphasizing several aspects including characterization of CIMMYT germplasm, development of hybrid oriented source populations, development of inbred and non-inbred progenitors, testers, integrated population improvement and hybrid research activities, development and performance of hybrids and the recent announcement of CIMMYT maize lines (CML). The development of hybrid oriented source germplasm is discussed in detail highlighting the development of germplasm tolerant to inbreeding stress, enhanced combining ability and cross-bred performance, formation of new heterotic groups while improving the existing heterotic patterns through interpopulation improvement schemes, formation of new inbred-based populations and special trait germplasm. Heterotic patterns among CIMMYT germplasm have been reported and the performance of various kinds of hybrids has been presented. The recent release/announcement of CIMMYT maize lines and their adaptation are presented for possible use by the national programs. The different sections of the paper detail how the information and germplasm generated by CIMMYT's hybrid research activities will greatly benefit and accelerate hybrid related activities in the national programs. This ecological zone. In this paper, CIMMYT's expanded role in hybrid research will be described highlighting those activities which will help directly or indirectly in accelerating hybrid maize breeding in the developing countries. I. Introduction In maize (Zea mays L.), a wide array of germplasm products can be developed by the breeder to meet the farmers need in various distinct environments encountered in the developing world countries. Presently, approximately 58.5 m ha of non-temperate maize are grown in different regions of the developing world. The above figure does not take into account about 16 m ha grown in temperate China, Argentina, Chile and Turkey. The coverage of maize area with improved maize varieties has been somewhat slow and currently no more than 50% of the area in the developing countries is planted with improved maize varieties. In South, East, and South-east Asia, the improved maize varieties cover roughly 57%.of the total available area, of which 72.8% is comprised of lowland tropical, 26.8% subtropical and only 0.4% highland. The impact of improved germplasm thus has been greatest in the lowland tropics as in evident from more than two-thirds of the acreage planted to this ecology. In this paper, CIMMYT's expanded role in hybrid research !I Maize Breeders, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Lisboa 27, Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. 187
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
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A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
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Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
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ut they have been selecting ears fr
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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
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to rice in order to reach self-suff
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0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
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. According to the findings of the
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IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
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tion with estate or mini-estate typ
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Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
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techniques. References Anonymous. 1
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Table 1. Total area under maize and
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Year Township Area planted Total pr
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cover, short plant stature, and sat
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Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
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3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
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Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
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were unacceptable in some parts due
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Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
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of highly productive technologies,
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Maize varietal improvement continue
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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
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elow to help clarify the farm level
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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
Page 142 and 143: Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
Page 144 and 145: 4. Prevention and control of aflato
Page 146 and 147: Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
Page 148 and 149: Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
Page 150 and 151: Early rainy season plantings have a
Page 152 and 153: P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
Page 154 and 155: In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
Page 156 and 157: organizing visits as well as field
Page 158 and 159: Table 1 Area, production and yield
Page 160 and 161: plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
Page 162 and 163: VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
Page 164 and 165: 6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
Page 166 and 167: MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
Page 168 and 169: method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
Page 170 and 171: can vary by the complexity of inher
Page 172 and 173: Table 3. Response to selection for
Page 174 and 175: Table 5. Comparative responses for
Page 176 and 177: increased response for grain yield.
Page 178 and 179: Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
Page 180 and 181: Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
Page 182 and 183: Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
Page 184 and 185: evaluation are conducted in only on
Page 186 and 187: Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
Page 188 and 189: Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
Page 190 and 191: v) Incentives to private sector are
Page 194 and 195: will be described highlighting thos
Page 196 and 197: will fluctuate. As a general rule,
Page 198 and 199: help of maize breeders from the nat
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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Page 204 and 205: c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
Page 206 and 207: Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
Page 208 and 209: HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
Page 212 and 213: At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
Page 214 and 215: when grown under farmers' condition
Page 216 and 217: seed often varies substantially bec
Page 218 and 219: kilograms of maize grain that must
Page 220 and 221: Table 8. COst of producing, process
Page 222 and 223: case in which the hybrid replaces a
Page 224 and 225: J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
Page 226 and 227: egions which do not allow a suffici
Page 228 and 229: participation; where foreign compan
Page 230 and 231: Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
Page 232 and 233: To recover value, seed companies ca
Page 234 and 235: In recent years, many new companies
Page 236 and 237: nology and its reliance on patents,
Page 238 and 239: Table 6. Intellectual property righ
Page 240 and 241: for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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