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v) Incentives to private sector are often lacking, vi) Required trained manpower is invariably not available in some countries, and vii) Required regional collaboration is not in place. V. STRATEGY FOO TI£ F\JllJE SUitable strategy on hybrids is necessary to overcome existing constraints. This would also help in improving further both the production and productivity of major cereals in Asia Pacific Region. Action on the following would be helpful towards improving the present situation: i) National pol icy concerning adoption of hybrid technology would obviously determine the extent to which the impact of this technology would become visible. There is need to sensitize policy makers concerning importance of this matter. Policy support for seed production and pricing would also determine the role that public and private sectors will have to play towards R&D efforts on hybrid technology. ii) Greater thrust is needed for R&D efforts on hybrid development and adoption at the field level. Present spending on hybrid research are relatively inadequate in a number of countries. Also the involvement of Private Sector for generating hybrid technology is much less in the developing countries compared to the developed countries. iii) Organized seed production of hybrids for higher replacement rates would enable countries in Asia-Pacific Region to improve their productivity further. Besides Public system, there is a need to encourage the Private Seed sector to play an effective role in the future so as to have an appropriate and efficient delivery system in place. Clear policies of the Government regarding area coverage under hybrids vis a vis open pollinated varieties would go a long way in improving the situation. iv) The pace for the adoption of hybrid technology will have to be accelerated in the future. Present casual approach in many countries, still dependent on first generation technology, such as use of OPVs in maize and pearl millet or double cross hybrids in maize, is not likely to yield required advancements through hybrid technology, as experienced elsewhere. Hybrid rice is another example in this context, where much could be learnt from Chinese experience. v) Regional collaboration for seed development and pranotion of hybrid technology, based on experiences and successes gained in the Region, would go a long way in improving the present scenario. Presently, there is lack of communication and no mechanism exists fro regular flow of information concerning pranotion of hybrids. Also systematic testing of hybrids at the regional level is lacking and exchange of germplasm is Quite limited between countries. Regional cooperation is also needed for human resource development as well as cooperation for economic production and supply of hybrid seeds at competitive price. Accordingly, regional cooperation is needed in order to achieve following objectives: a) exchange of information on hybrid technology and seed production and marketing; b) regional testing of promising hybrids and exchange of germplasm; c) cooperation among public and private seed organizations, especially to draw strength from each other in view of comparative advantages; d) human resource development in the field of hybrid technology; and e) advice concerning policy and strategy for pranoting R&D efforts on hybrid technology and development of seed sector, especially Private Sector involvement through appropriate provisions for plant variety protection (IVP) systems. Recent efforts by FAO to establish Asia-Pacific seed Association (details of which will be explained by Mr. Lemonius during this consultation) would possibly address some of these issues in future. Mechanisms are, therefore, required to be devised to ensure fulfillment of these objectives in the near future so that benefits reach the common farmers of the developing countries in the Region. VI. fEED FOO REGI
tremendous potential for improved production as well as productivity. There is scope for horizontal expansion through its adoption in different farming systems in the Asia-Pacific region. Maize, as explained earlier, also has a future in view of its increasing demand for food, feed, and various other uses. Thus, it would be appropriate to target for higher maize production in the future ~ meet the regional demands rather than to depend on large scale imports. This could be achieved through better R&D support, development of human resources as well as infrastructure, production and supply of quality seeds of both hybrids and QPV's and other inputs, incentives to the private sector, policy support for pricing and procurement, and strengthening of the regional collaboration for the exchange of information, materials, and expertise. Unfortunately, public sector investment on maize research in Asia is highly variable and inadequate. VI. FNJ ACTIVITIES IN ll£ REGIa.!. 14. There is an apparent demand on international organizations, such as FAD, to playa catalytic role for strengthening regional linkages and programmes, including building of national capabilities to meet future challenges successfully. Some of the efforts made by FAD in the last two decades have helped to a certain extent. 15. FAa has supported maize programmes in a number of countries in the region.. especially Vietnam (to promote transplanting of maize in the winter season in North Vietnam), hybrid maize programme in DPR Korea, and maize development in Laos. 16. A regional project on Food Legumes and Coarse Grains funded by UNDP has helped a number of cooperating countries for manpower training, information exchange, sharing of improved germplasm, seed production, improved management, and post-harvest handling of maize. Similarly, another training project has helped in human resource development and in sharing of information. 17. A regional Expert Group Meeting was organized at Bangkok in February 1993. It recommended future collaboration through the establishment of a Tropical Asian Maize Network (TAMNET) for required linkages. A Newsletter is being planned and as a follow-up, a regional trial of hybrid maize was constituted for the first time in 1993, involving 20 hybrid entries from six countries in the region. TAMNET Newsletter will be published from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. The data of the hybrid trial will be analyzed and compiled by the Regional Office of CIMMYT at Bangkok. 18. FAD is also contemplating establishment of an Asia-Pacific seed Association for promoting required regional collaboration for seed development. For promoting hybrid maize technology in the region, FAa has organized a Regional Expert Consultation among 15 countries during November 1993. The Consultation has highlighted the need for promoting research on hybrids and also the linkages among the seed organizations in the region to strengthen further maize hybrid programmes. 19. FAO!RAPA has recently established an Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI) and through this institution it envisages publishing the success stories on "baby corn in Thai land", "transplanted maize in Vietnam" and "winter maize in India" for the benefit of others. 20. The Regional Maize Hybrid Trial will also be conducted next year, and continued support for the Newsletter is envisaged. It is also proposed to have regular meetings of the group organized in the future in collaboration with the CIMMYT Maize Regional Office, Bangkok. VI I. OONCLUSIa.! 21. Maize is the third most important cereal crop in the Asia-Pacific region. Its demand is increasing substantially for food, feed, and industrial uses. Several countries in the region have shown remarkable progress for increases in areas, production, and productiVity. Yet, there exists considerable variation with regard to level of technology generation and its adoption. Many countries are still to make use of hybrid technology, especially the single cross hybrids. For this, needed support for the seed industry is lacking and appropriate policies and programmes are not yet in place. In spite of this, maize production has recorded higher growth rates in the Asia-Pacific region than in the rest of the world. Many interesting developments have already taken place. What is needed now is to remove intraregional variations to the greatest extent 185
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
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A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
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Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
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ut they have been selecting ears fr
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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
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to rice in order to reach self-suff
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0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
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. According to the findings of the
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IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
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tion with estate or mini-estate typ
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Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
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techniques. References Anonymous. 1
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Table 1. Total area under maize and
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Year Township Area planted Total pr
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cover, short plant stature, and sat
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Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
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3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
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Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
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were unacceptable in some parts due
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Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
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of highly productive technologies,
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Maize varietal improvement continue
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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
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elow to help clarify the farm level
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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
Page 140 and 141: was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
Page 142 and 143: Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
Page 144 and 145: 4. Prevention and control of aflato
Page 146 and 147: Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
Page 148 and 149: Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
Page 150 and 151: Early rainy season plantings have a
Page 152 and 153: P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
Page 154 and 155: In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
Page 156 and 157: organizing visits as well as field
Page 158 and 159: Table 1 Area, production and yield
Page 160 and 161: plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
Page 162 and 163: VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
Page 164 and 165: 6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
Page 166 and 167: MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
Page 168 and 169: method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
Page 170 and 171: can vary by the complexity of inher
Page 172 and 173: Table 3. Response to selection for
Page 174 and 175: Table 5. Comparative responses for
Page 176 and 177: increased response for grain yield.
Page 178 and 179: Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
Page 180 and 181: Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
Page 182 and 183: Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
Page 184 and 185: evaluation are conducted in only on
Page 186 and 187: Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
Page 188 and 189: Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
Page 192 and 193: possible through adoption of suitab
Page 194 and 195: will be described highlighting thos
Page 196 and 197: will fluctuate. As a general rule,
Page 198 and 199: help of maize breeders from the nat
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
Page 202 and 203: use as OPVs and broad based synthet
Page 204 and 205: c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
Page 206 and 207: Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
Page 208 and 209: HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
Page 212 and 213: At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
Page 214 and 215: when grown under farmers' condition
Page 216 and 217: seed often varies substantially bec
Page 218 and 219: kilograms of maize grain that must
Page 220 and 221: Table 8. COst of producing, process
Page 222 and 223: case in which the hybrid replaces a
Page 224 and 225: J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
Page 226 and 227: egions which do not allow a suffici
Page 228 and 229: participation; where foreign compan
Page 230 and 231: Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
Page 232 and 233: To recover value, seed companies ca
Page 234 and 235: In recent years, many new companies
Page 236 and 237: nology and its reliance on patents,
Page 238 and 239: Table 6. Intellectual property righ
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for crop improvement programs. It i
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capabi 1ities Despite these constra
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TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
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* Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
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CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
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RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
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ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
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ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
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PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
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Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
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Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
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VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
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(Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
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1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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