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In recent years, many new companies have entered the seed business in developing countries. This can be attributed to: - Greater availability of hybrids in several crop species. - Easing of government policies pertaining to the private sector entering the seed business. Availability of hybrids A partial list of crops for which hybrids are available can be seen in Table 4. Historically, the seed industry in developed countries has expanded by developing and selling hybrids (Table 5). The industry generally shifts towards hybrids whenever they are technically and economically feasible. Nearly ~ of the total global commercial seed business of about US$15.0 billion is accounted for hybrid sales in various crops. Importantly, with hybrids breeders can protect their intellectual property in the form of trade secrets. The parent lines required to produce the hybrid are kept secret by the breeding company. Hybrids thereby enable companies to obtain an acceptable return on their investment either directly in the form of gross margins, or indirectly in the form of royalties, or both. With proper incentives, the private sector can become a dynamic force in hybrid seed industry development in the Third WOrld. Recent activity by the private sector in developing countries in Asia and Latin America indicates that there are ample business opportunities in hybrids. Table 4. Available hybrid systems and selected examples. Hybrid System Crops Manual or mechanical emasculation Chemical (Gibberellins, A9N0 3 , Ethre1, etc.) Cytoplasmic male sterility (OMS) self incompatibility (51) Natural genetic male sterility (ms ms) Engineered genetic male sterility (NMS) - Corn - Tomato - Cucumber - Melon - SOrghum - Rice - Millet - Sunflower - Cabbage - Broccol i - Pigeon Peas - Oilseed Rape GoverT1lll8l"lt deregulation one of the most notable examples of deregulation in the developing world is India's "New seed Policy", which was announced in 1988. As a result of the new policy, many new national and multinational companies entered the seed business in India. "rhe newcomers include Indian Tobacco Co. (ITe), Sandoz, Cargill, Hoechst, Ciba-Geigy, ICI, SPIC, Bejo, Hindustan Lever, Harrisons Malaya1am and JK seeds. Similarly, deregulation in Thailand and Philippines has led to a sizable expansion in their hybrid seed industries over the past 5 years. Government policy makers can learn a lesson from this phenomenon. Even slight deregulation of the sort introduced in India can spur enormous development in a country's seed industry. Policy makers can continue to create incentives for expansion, as is currently happening in several developing countries. The aim of any seed policy should be to ensure that elite seed is made available to farmers. Legislation that hinders this goal is counterproductive. If the private sector is to be a partner in the effort to develop, produce, and distribute hybrid seeds, the principles by which the industry operates should be considered in national policy making. 228
There are at least four basic principles by which the private seed sector operates: 1) Breeding and associated technologies must create significant value. 2) Protection of the products must be possible. 3) Industry must be able to recover added value through adequate pricing. 4) Farmers must significantly benefit if they are to pay higher prices for hybrid seeds. Table 5. Historical representation of seed industry development in developed countries and type of protection available. Type Of Prolection Slid Slid CerUnc.Uon Slid Cerllllc.Uon Slid C.rllnc.Uon Slid entille.Uon CerUllc.Uon Tr.de S'cret T'~d. S.cr,' Tr,de Sicret . Trade SICret PYR PYR Amended PYA Par.ntl Amended PI,.n" --- -- Embryonic Growth Meture ProJecled UnUI 1930 1930-1980 1980-1980 1980-1990 1990' Creating value Value creation can be in the form of cost savings, or extra earnings. For example, if a variety has a built-in tolerance to insects, it needs minimal or no application of expensive insecticides and therefore results in cost savings. The same is true of disease resistance. In the case of drought tolerant varieties, savings result from decreased costs incurred in irrigation. An increase in harvestable yield results in extra income to the farmer. An increase in quality traits, such as high oil content or better quality oil, high quality protein (tryptophane or methionine), or high quality starch, etc. results in higher income to the farmer because of better prices. Irrespective of whether there are savings or extra income, both lead to extra value which has been created through breeding or associated technologies. The magnitude of value creation should eventually be reflected in the price at which seed of the new variety can be sold. This value-added pricing concept is new in the seed industry, but it is rapidly catching on. Protecting value In those countries where Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) exist, new plant varieties can be legally protected. IPR includes trade secrets, plant variety rights (PVR) and patents. The importance of trade secrets has been discussed earlier under "Availability of Hybrids". The essential principles of PVR and patents are discussed below. Plant varieties protected by PVR must comply with internationally recognized criteria for distinctness, uniformity, stability, and novelty. Two important principles of PVR protection are "breeder's exemption" and "farmer's privilege". The breeder's exemption clause of PVR allows a protected variety to be freely used for further breeding after commercialization by its owner. Partly because of the advent of biotech- 229
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
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A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
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Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
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ut they have been selecting ears fr
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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
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to rice in order to reach self-suff
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0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
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. According to the findings of the
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IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
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tion with estate or mini-estate typ
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Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
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techniques. References Anonymous. 1
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Table 1. Total area under maize and
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Year Township Area planted Total pr
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cover, short plant stature, and sat
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Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
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3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
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Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
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were unacceptable in some parts due
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Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
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of highly productive technologies,
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Maize varietal improvement continue
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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
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elow to help clarify the farm level
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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
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method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
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can vary by the complexity of inher
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Table 3. Response to selection for
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Table 5. Comparative responses for
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increased response for grain yield.
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Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
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Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
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Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
Page 184 and 185: evaluation are conducted in only on
Page 186 and 187: Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
Page 188 and 189: Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
Page 190 and 191: v) Incentives to private sector are
Page 192 and 193: possible through adoption of suitab
Page 194 and 195: will be described highlighting thos
Page 196 and 197: will fluctuate. As a general rule,
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Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
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Page 204 and 205: c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
Page 206 and 207: Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
Page 208 and 209: HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
Page 212 and 213: At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
Page 214 and 215: when grown under farmers' condition
Page 216 and 217: seed often varies substantially bec
Page 218 and 219: kilograms of maize grain that must
Page 220 and 221: Table 8. COst of producing, process
Page 222 and 223: case in which the hybrid replaces a
Page 224 and 225: J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
Page 226 and 227: egions which do not allow a suffici
Page 228 and 229: participation; where foreign compan
Page 230 and 231: Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
Page 232 and 233: To recover value, seed companies ca
Page 236 and 237: nology and its reliance on patents,
Page 238 and 239: Table 6. Intellectual property righ
Page 240 and 241: for crop improvement programs. It i
Page 242 and 243: capabi 1ities Despite these constra
Page 244 and 245: TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
Page 246 and 247: * Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
Page 248 and 249: CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
Page 250 and 251: RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
Page 252 and 253: ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
Page 254 and 255: ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
Page 256 and 257: PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
Page 258 and 259: Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
Page 260 and 261: Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
Page 262 and 263: VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
Page 264 and 265: (Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
Page 266: 1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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