Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regional Maize Workshop - Search ...

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kilograms of maize grain that must be sold to pay for one kilogram of seed (known as the seed-t~rain price ratio). In the USA, this ratio is now close to 30:1, but during the 1930s when hybrids were initially adopted, it ranged from 5:1 to 8:1 (Figure 7). In a number of developing countries where hybrid seed has been widely adopted by small-scale fanners, seed-to-grain price ratios currently range from 4:1 to 6:1. Table 6. seed-to-grain price ratios and adoption of hybrid seed in selected developing countries, 1990. Country 8eed-to-grain price ratio for a common hybrid* Percent of maize area sown to hybrid seed Zambia India (Bihar) Kenya Venezuela El salvador Zimbabwe Mexico Indonesia Thailand Philippi nes 2.8 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 6.5 7.1 11.3 15.1 16.7 72 75 62 91 55 96 8 13 20 5 Source: CIt+tYT survey. * Ratio of price of hybrid seed (usually a double cross) to commercial price of maize grain. so . 40 .. 30 Secd-to-glain prioe ratio 20 10 O...L..L__.l.-_---I-_----L__L-_...l.-_----L_----l__.l.-_---.L_----'- 1940 1945 19SO 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 19ro 1985 1990 ScArce: lJSOo\ ftgiQ./llJ'lI saislics (vaious yea's). Fig. 7. Hybrid maize seed-to-grain price ratio, USA, 1940-90. Differences in seed prices can be explained partly in terms of differences in production costs. For example, today's high seed prices in the USA reflect the widespread 212
use of single-cross hybrids, which are more expensive to produce than other types of per sa can also contribute to high seed prices. In the USA, seed production costs comprise only about 3~ of the final sales price; the remaining 7~ consists of R&D, marketing, and promotion costs (Table 7). By contrast, over 80% of the final sales price in Zimbabwe consists of production and on-farm processing costs; until recently, R&D, marketing, and promotion costs borne by the seed companies were negligible, since these services were provided largely by the public sector. In Mexico, where seed prices are somewhat higher than in Zimbabwe, seed production and processing costs account for about ~ of the final sales price (Table 8). It is interesting to note that wherever hybrid maize has been widely adopted by small-scale farmers, seed-to-grain price ratios have been in the range of 4:1 to 6:1. This would appear to indicate that low seed-to-grain price ratios (probably on the order of 10:1 or less) are necessary to encourage farmers to adopt hybrids during the development phase of the seed industry, when the market for hybrid seed is first established. At these low seed-to-grain price ratios, seed costs contribute only a small share of the variable cost of production. As will be discussed in the next section, various policy measures are available to stimulate a competitive hybrid seed market with prices at these levels. Although low seed prices may be necessary to encourage farmers' initial adoption of hybrids, it is important to recognize that low seed prices can be undesirable if they discourage private companies from investing in seed production activities. For example in India, public and parastatal seed corporations produce and market OPVs and hybrids, which they are able to sell at low prices with the help of government subsidies. Many private seed companies in India are reluctant to produce and market seed of the public materials, Table 7. Breakdown of hybrid maize seed price, USA. Percent of sale price Seed production Processing Marketing Research and development OVerhead Gross profit Sale price 30 15 15 10 15 15 100 Source: Based on Pioneer (1992) and Segha1 (1992). because profit margins are negligible. Although most private companies continue to produce and sell seed of the more popular public OPVs and hybrids, these materials are often carried as "loss leaders," i.e., products sold for 1ittle or no profit in order to attract and retain customers who will purchase other more profitable products such as fertilizer and agricultural chemicals. 3.2. Seed rate Another important variable which can greatly affect the cost of using hybrid seed is the seed rate. Although seed rates for monocropped maize average around 25 kg/ha across Asia as a whole, in some instances they are much higher. In East Java, for example, seed rates average over 40 kg/ha because farmers overp1ant in order to compensate for expected losses from insect attacks during the seedling stage (Krisdiana et a7. 1991). In hill areas of northern Pakistan, farmers frequently sow 80-100 kg/ha of seed in order to provide both grain and fodder from thinnings (Byerlee et a7. 1991). In some parts of India and Thailand, early season drought can lead to poor emergence, creating the need to 213
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Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Regi
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Page Foreword List of participants
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For several years, the Asian countr
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LAOS MALAYSIA MYANMAR NEPAL PAKISTA
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Chamnan Chutkaew Dept. of Agronomy
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I t· PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTOR: SECTO
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Pioneer Overseas Corp. ProAgro Seed
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MP COP NGOs TK = Muriate of Potash.
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Table 3. Land suitability for maize
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Depending on how this wheat is rele
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Individual field sizes in the GKF a
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Table 12. Demonstration block resul
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alance of composite, synthetics and
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Elias, S.M., F.S. Sikder and J.Ahme
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~IZE ItAIMJ4ENT PRXJW4ME IN IHlf'AN
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3. Low level of soil fertility. Exp
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3. Farmers could not afford to purc
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Table 1. Hybrid maize production in
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100,000 mu (1 ha = 15 mu). Fran 198
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+ The planting area of inbred line
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ty levels. Selection interia should
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Dao13, Oa19, SSE232 etc.). b. combi
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~ZE I~ IN IN>IA - AN OVERVIEW WITH
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inbred 1ines possessing good genera
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Table 3. Details of medium and earl
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increasing the yield levels of the
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Production of ~zygous diploid inbre
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EntQllOlogical research. In the fie
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A 1) OUr coordinated efforts for ma
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Table 1. Maize area harvested, proW
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Table 4. Grain yield of Semar 1 and
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ut they have been selecting ears fr
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MAIZE ~ N«J ~ION IN LAOS. Kanyavon
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to rice in order to reach self-suff
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0\ 0\ ."'0- ~I.u'. u: 0 50 100 STAT
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. According to the findings of the
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IR:EDIIIG IHJ N:RHJotIC RESEAfDI C
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tion with estate or mini-estate typ
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Table 4. MYR grain maize yields ove
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techniques. References Anonymous. 1
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Table 1. Total area under maize and
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Year Township Area planted Total pr
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cover, short plant stature, and sat
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Table 3. Res.Stat. Multilocational
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3. Plant protection: a. Diseases Th
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Questions to the author: FROM: S. K
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were unacceptable in some parts due
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Table 2. CCRI maize hybrid yield tr
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HYBRID MAIZE BREEDlt.G AN> ALH»DII
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of highly productive technologies,
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Maize varietal improvement continue
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Peronosc lerospora phi 1ippinensis
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elow to help clarify the farm level
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Premium Grade (emulsifiable concent
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support. The versatile planter/fert
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Table 1. Climatic conditions in the
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T1l1t:i----------------------------
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the maha season. Yala season is cha
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. Spacing Blackgram Maize 40 em x 5
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Sri Lanka. Ariyanayagam, R. P. 1967
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It took almost 10 years to develop
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g; CUS0 4 (5H 2 0): 0.39 g; NaF: 0.
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3. Making single cnosses: Plant the
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experiments showed that the fertili
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Long term evaluation of mass releas
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Chang, S.C., and Y.Z. Wu. 1976. Pra
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DEVELCHENT OF HYBRID ~ IN THAILAN>
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Table 2. Quantity and value of Thai
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was approved by KU and OOA in 1991
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Table 8. Mean yields of fresh dehus
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4. Prevention and control of aflato
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Table 17. Mean grain yield and agro
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Sittipanuwong, S., C. Chutkaew, A.
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Early rainy season plantings have a
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P. R.CHINA TMilAKD CAMPUCHiA
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In 1992, the hybrid maize acreage i
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organizing visits as well as field
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Table 1 Area, production and yield
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plants per hill) 4. Intercropping e
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VIEl1'W4 YELLOW MAIZE EXRRT: MARKET
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6,------------------~3,5 Producllon
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MAIZE BREEDUG Arnel R. Hallauer-L!
Page 168 and 169: method was provi ded by Eberhart (1
Page 170 and 171: can vary by the complexity of inher
Page 172 and 173: Table 3. Response to selection for
Page 174 and 175: Table 5. Comparative responses for
Page 176 and 177: increased response for grain yield.
Page 178 and 179: Sure Crop (0h43 and C103). several
Page 180 and 181: Sprague and Tatum (1942) demonstrat
Page 182 and 183: Horner, E.S., E. Magloi re, and J .
Page 184 and 185: evaluation are conducted in only on
Page 186 and 187: Table 1. Maize: Production Unit 100
Page 188 and 189: Table 3. Maize: Area harvested Unit
Page 190 and 191: v) Incentives to private sector are
Page 192 and 193: possible through adoption of suitab
Page 194 and 195: will be described highlighting thos
Page 196 and 197: will fluctuate. As a general rule,
Page 198 and 199: help of maize breeders from the nat
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Possible heterotic partner
Page 202 and 203: use as OPVs and broad based synthet
Page 204 and 205: c. Integrat;on of populat;on ;mprov
Page 206 and 207: Table 8. Announced CIMMYT lines 199
Page 208 and 209: HYBRID MAIZE ~ 1l£ SMALL-SCALE FNI
Page 210 and 211: Table 2. Growth rate of maize area
Page 212 and 213: At the same time that CIMMYT was sh
Page 214 and 215: when grown under farmers' condition
Page 216 and 217: seed often varies substantially bec
Page 220 and 221: Table 8. COst of producing, process
Page 222 and 223: case in which the hybrid replaces a
Page 224 and 225: J i-----1'-_.,-_I........ i M*iIBia
Page 226 and 227: egions which do not allow a suffici
Page 228 and 229: participation; where foreign compan
Page 230 and 231: Wellhausen, E.J. Walden (ed.) 1978.
Page 232 and 233: To recover value, seed companies ca
Page 234 and 235: In recent years, many new companies
Page 236 and 237: nology and its reliance on patents,
Page 238 and 239: Table 6. Intellectual property righ
Page 240 and 241: for crop improvement programs. It i
Page 242 and 243: capabi 1ities Despite these constra
Page 244 and 245: TftNlAlll CAMPUCI-1iA Fig. 1. Seven
Page 246 and 247: * Yield potential of 8.0 t/ha. II.
Page 248 and 249: CAOOILL MAIZE RESEAFDI ACTIVITIES I
Page 250 and 251: RESEARCH AN> POTENTIAL OF HYBRID (X
Page 252 and 253: ClBA SEEDS IN SJJ11£AST ASIA. Jose
Page 254 and 255: ACTIVIlY OF MAHYOO IN INJIA Rajendr
Page 256 and 257: PACIFIC SEEDS - PlANT ~ FOO ASIA Pe
Page 258 and 259: Questions to the author: FROM: R. S
Page 260 and 261: Just start In 1980 the demonstratio
Page 262 and 263: VOLUME 1000 IQnt/ 10.--------------
Page 264 and 265: (Notes by Dr. V.L. Chidley, Raporte
Page 266: 1. Rhizoctonia leaf and sheath blig
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