2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers
2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers
2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers
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<strong>2007</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Roadside</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Alcohol</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Drug</strong> <strong>Use</strong> <strong>by</strong> <strong>Drivers</strong>: <strong>Drug</strong> ResultsSelection <strong>of</strong> <strong>Drug</strong>s for Screening <strong>and</strong> AnalysisPIRE <strong>and</strong> NHTSA jointly developed an initial list <strong>of</strong> drugs to be detected based on the literature(e.g., Jones, Shinar, & Walsh, 2003; Couper & Logan, 2004) <strong>and</strong> experience with drug-involveddriving research. The drugs were selected because <strong>of</strong> a combination <strong>of</strong> their potential impaireddrivingeffects, their likelihood <strong>of</strong> appearing in drivers, <strong>and</strong> in the case <strong>of</strong> oral fluid, theavailability <strong>of</strong> scientific techniques to analyze oral fluid to detect <strong>and</strong> quantify the drug. NHTSAthen provided this list to experts in the field <strong>of</strong> epidemiology <strong>of</strong> drug use, driving, <strong>and</strong> toxicologyboth in the United States <strong>and</strong> abroad. The experts responded to the list with additions <strong>and</strong>deletions.The list <strong>of</strong> selected drugs is shown in Table 13. The first five categories <strong>of</strong> drugs listed constitutethe <strong>National</strong> Institute on <strong>Drug</strong> Abuse (NIDA)-5, which are prevalent drugs <strong>of</strong> abuse <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>universal interest in the study <strong>of</strong> drug involvement. The NIDA-5 are routine components <strong>of</strong> adrug-screening panel. The other drugs on the list (with the exception <strong>of</strong> barbiturates) appear inthe NHTSA publication titled “<strong>Drug</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Human Performance Fact Sheets” (Couper & Logan,2004) <strong>and</strong> are <strong>of</strong> interest because the expert panel for that effort believed those drugs presentedpotential traffic safety risks. The drugs we tested for represented illegal, prescription, <strong>and</strong> overthe-counterdrugs that (1) have the potential to impair driving performance <strong>and</strong> (2) couldreasonably be expected to appear in the driver population.<strong>Drug</strong> ClassCocaine(Cocaine,benzoylecgonine)Opiates(6-AM, codeine,morphine,hydrocodone,hydromorphone)Amphetamine/Methamphetamine(MDMA, MDA, MDEA,Ephedrine,Psuedoephedrine)Cannabinoids(THC, THC-COO[THCA])Table 13. Selected <strong>Drug</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Minimum Detection Concentrations †Minimum ConcentrationOral Fluid (ng/mL)Minimum ConcentrationBlood (ng/mL)Screen Confirm Screen Confirm20 8 25 1040 10 25 10505050 2020104 2 10 1Self-report ItemCocaine (e.g., crackor coke)HeroinMorphine or Codeine(e.g., Tylenol ® withcodeine)Amphetamine orMethamphetamine(e.g., speed, crank,crystal meth)EcstasyMarijuana (e.g., pot,hash, weed)Phencyclidine 10 10 10 10 PCP (e.g., angeldust)Benzodiazepines(oxazepam,nordiazepam,bromazepam,flurazepam,10 5 20 10Benzodiazepines(e.g., Valium ® ortranquilizers)24
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