2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers

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2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers: Drug ResultsSelection of Drugs for Screening and AnalysisPIRE and NHTSA jointly developed an initial list of drugs to be detected based on the literature(e.g., Jones, Shinar, & Walsh, 2003; Couper & Logan, 2004) and experience with drug-involveddriving research. The drugs were selected because of a combination of their potential impaireddrivingeffects, their likelihood of appearing in drivers, and in the case of oral fluid, theavailability of scientific techniques to analyze oral fluid to detect and quantify the drug. NHTSAthen provided this list to experts in the field of epidemiology of drug use, driving, and toxicologyboth in the United States and abroad. The experts responded to the list with additions anddeletions.The list of selected drugs is shown in Table 13. The first five categories of drugs listed constitutethe National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-5, which are prevalent drugs of abuse and ofuniversal interest in the study of drug involvement. The NIDA-5 are routine components of adrug-screening panel. The other drugs on the list (with the exception of barbiturates) appear inthe NHTSA publication titled “Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets” (Couper & Logan,2004) and are of interest because the expert panel for that effort believed those drugs presentedpotential traffic safety risks. The drugs we tested for represented illegal, prescription, and overthe-counterdrugs that (1) have the potential to impair driving performance and (2) couldreasonably be expected to appear in the driver population.Drug ClassCocaine(Cocaine,benzoylecgonine)Opiates(6-AM, codeine,morphine,hydrocodone,hydromorphone)Amphetamine/Methamphetamine(MDMA, MDA, MDEA,Ephedrine,Psuedoephedrine)Cannabinoids(THC, THC-COO[THCA])Table 13. Selected Drugs and Minimum Detection Concentrations †Minimum ConcentrationOral Fluid (ng/mL)Minimum ConcentrationBlood (ng/mL)Screen Confirm Screen Confirm20 8 25 1040 10 25 10505050 2020104 2 10 1Self-report ItemCocaine (e.g., crackor coke)HeroinMorphine or Codeine(e.g., Tylenol ® withcodeine)Amphetamine orMethamphetamine(e.g., speed, crank,crystal meth)EcstasyMarijuana (e.g., pot,hash, weed)Phencyclidine 10 10 10 10 PCP (e.g., angeldust)Benzodiazepines(oxazepam,nordiazepam,bromazepam,flurazepam,10 5 20 10Benzodiazepines(e.g., Valium ® ortranquilizers)24
2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers: Drug ResultsDrug Classflunitrazepam,lorazepam,chlordiazepoxide,temazepam, diazepam,clonazepam,alprazolam, triazolam,midazolam,nitrazepam)Barbiturates(Phenobarbital,pentobarb,secobarbital, butalbital)Minimum ConcentrationOral Fluid (ng/mL)Minimum ConcentrationBlood (ng/mL)Screen Confirm Screen Confirm50 50 500 500Self-report ItemBarbiturates (e.g.,phenobarbital)Methadone 50 25 50 10 MethadoneEthyl alcohol .02% .02% .02% .02% AlcoholOxycodone (Percocet ® ) 25 10 25 10Propoxyphene(Darvon ® )10 10 10 10Tramadol (Ultram ® ) 50 25 50 10Carisoprodol (Soma ® ) 100 50 500 500Meperidine (Demerol ® )Sertraline (Zoloft®) 50 25 50 10Fluoxetine (Prozac ® ) 50 25 50 10TricyclicAntidepressants(amitryptiline,nortriptyline)25 25 25 10Zolpidem (Ambien ® ) 10 10 10 10Methylphenidate(Ritalin ® )10 10 10 10Dextromethorphan 50 20 50 20Prescription painkillers (e.g.,Percocet®,OxyContin ® ,oxycodone, Demerol ® ,Darvon ® )Antidepressants (e.g.,Prozac ® , Zoloft ® )Ambien ® or othersleep aidsADHD medications(e.g., Ritalin ® )Cough medicines(e.g., Robitussin ® ,Vicks 44 ® , etc.)Ketamine 10 10 10 10 Ketamine/Special K† Screening utilizes ELISA micro-plate and confirmation utilizes GC/MS or LC/MS/MS technology.We screened using ELISA micro-plate technology. Confirmation was performed using GC/MSor LC/MS/MS technology. Our toxicological laboratory, Immunalysis Corporation, provided allnecessary confirmations.Cocaine, which can be used as a local anesthetic, is often abused because of its stimulatingeffects on the central nervous system (CNS). At low doses, cocaine might actually haveperformance enhancing effects; however, little is known about its effects on human performanceat higher levels and in conjunction with alcohol. It is clearly a drug of abuse in the United Statesand worthy of study in drivers.Opiates are narcotic analgesics used both medicinally and as drugs of abuse. After an initial rush,opiates act as CNS depressants and certainly could have performance-decreasing effects.25
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DOT HS 811 249December 2009
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2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers

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