Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

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to play the game by its usual rules, even respectable protest groups were unableto keep their members in line. For example, when police changed the route ofthe officially sanctioned union march, hoping to keep union members away fromthe center of the disturbance, they were surprised when several thousand of themarchers ignored the marshals, left the route, and joined the fray. lOGThe SPD offered this analysis of their mistake: ''While we needed to thinkabout a new paradigm of disruptive protest, we relied on our knowledge of pastdemonstrations, concluding that the 'worst case' would not occur here."107 Suchblindness is a typical fault of police agencies. Equally typical is the panic that followsa defeat-a panic felt not only in Seattle, but around the country, resultingin the sudden shift in police tactics at demonstrations nationwide.Changes and learning processes of the police are initiated by an analysis ofproblematic public order interventions, that is, the police learn from theirfailures .. .. The importance of the body of past experience, however, seemssuch that it prevents the police from anticipating change. Tactical and strategicerrors in confrontations with new movements and protest forms maytrigger off a relapse into an antagonistic protest policing style. lOSIn the wake of Seattle, the use of force has received a new emphasis. Riotgear, tear gas, mass arrests, and widespread violence have again become commonfeatures of demonstrations. While police violence has always been a possibility,it has lately come to resemble an open threat. Some of this is surely deliberate.The threat of violence is an effective tool for suppressing the attendance at agathering, especially among portions of the population who are more routinelysubject to police attack. It also serves to criminalize dissent. When members ofthe public see the police in riot gear, it is easy to assume that the crowd they aremonitoring is dangerous, or even criminal. 10 9 But some of the police reliance onforce is the product of desperation. They simply don't know what to do, and whilethey figure it out, the old-fashioned, straightforward head-knocking approachseems like a safe bet.A TERRORIST STRATEGYThe police ;md other authorities are frantically trying to find new footing in theirhandling of protests. Naturally, their mistakes in Seattle figure prominently inthe developing analysis.While everyone acknowledges that the police needed to be better preparedif they wanted to maintain control in Seattle, it is hotly disputed what, precisely,they should have been prepared for. The McCarthy report implies that thepolice should have been trained, armed, and organized as though to repel aninvasion. i 10 The city council's committee notes that the cops weren't even readyto implement the plan that they had and condemns the subsequent civil rightsabuses and police violence. Essentially, the city council's committee thinks theproblem was not with the Negotiated Management strategy, but with its implementation.They urged, not more force, but increased accommodation:It is clear to the committee that demonstrators who sought arrest-in orderto underline their statements of principle-should have been accommo-193
f-;Cl.But the city council's perspective on this situation may rely on a miscon-ception about what the protesters hoped to accomplish. Rather than seek symudated by police. Te ar gas is a cruel implement to use against persons tryingto make deeply-felt statements against what they view as injustice. I IIbolic arrests to "underline their statements of principle," protesters intendedto directly interfere with the WID's work by blockading the conference anddisrupting its proceedings. The police didn't understand this until the disruptionwas underway; the city council seems never to have figured it out.The McCarthy andA",
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WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION BY•J O YJ
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(e) 2007 by Kristian WilliamsIntrod
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acknowledgmentsBOOKS DO Nar WRITE T
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ZSugE-
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forewordPOLICE AND POWER IN AMERICA
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1POLICE BRUTALITY IN THEORY AND PRA
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copter. Of these, ten Los Angeles P
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way of understanding the lives led
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vidual officer, perhaps it leads us
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given incident, while excessive use
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The difficulties in measuring exces
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up, a very large number of citizens
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(5) Unintentionality."[0 lffi cers
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Between 1995 and 2000, 360 cops wer
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emember that the available statisti
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even be supported by the lieutenant
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standing of those with power-those
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specialized function, and professio
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TIlere is a further advantage to th
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and frequently drunk.In 1727,Joseph
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the town, preparing elections, impr
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In fact, the first major reform of
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of personal honor. No White man sho
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stopping slaves whenever they were
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Charleston formed a City Guard in 1
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civil rather than military activity
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and Watch. This body was responsibl
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t::Uviolence, the committee argued,
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ity by policemen, dismissing thirte
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Political corruption was not new to
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3THE GENESIS OF A POLICED SOCIETYIN
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first moment, the importance of pol
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deals could be quite profitable for
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suppressing such riots. Not that th
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influence in wards where popular su
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delphia, investigated vegetable mar
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quo (that is, to protect the intere
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To the degree that industrializatio
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This analysis does not solve the pr
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well. 1I3 A more telling difference
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down. TIlls breakdown was in each c
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4COPS AND KLAN, HAND IN HANDAND THE
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tom .... A door opens outward on th
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very much like their previous statu
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tious driving, the model of the car
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statistics tell us that police arre
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fits the unit's established modus o
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Police investigators later document
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And let's not forget the enormous r
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area: they would pull up in a squad
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The Klan would meet the bus at the
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___ stoppedin terms of what the Fre
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SELMA, ALABAMA: BLOODY SUNDAYViolen
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point. The Panthers personified eve
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were killed, and ten other people w
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5THE NATURAL ENEMY OF THE WO RKING
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The practices surrounding the enfor
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lar officer's ties to the local com
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monopoly on it. Despite the continu
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troops, fifty cops from the Metropo
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and filled it with tear gas. As the
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Nine workers were arrested, charged
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the courts, and the police could be
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all health and well-being. The main
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ment retaliation, and a formal grie
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In 1912, Herman Rosenthal, a profes
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leadership. Increasingly, the polic
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struggle for status in urban Americ
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than before. But the main effect of
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The police also returned to open el
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policy. Henry Wise, the lawyer for
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the power and rewards of the upper
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found the FOP was sympathetic enoug
Page 159 and 160: whereas even the rookie patrolman s
Page 161 and 162: This process then results in a tran
Page 163 and 164: class. The police rebellion came wh
Page 165 and 166: is an obvious threat to democracy.T
Page 167 and 168: speeches, but as the evening wore o
Page 169 and 170: The Haymarket tragedy ... marked th
Page 171 and 172: 154The role of the red squads furth
Page 173 and 174: Democratic Convention, and later go
Page 175 and 176: tion. Bail would be set at astronom
Page 177 and 178: tapped, then admitted that it was b
Page 179 and 180: Department's Inspectional Service D
Page 181 and 182: dissenting group, representing rela
Page 183 and 184: instructions on infiltrating and di
Page 185 and 186: convention," was scheduled to coinc
Page 187 and 188: 170supposed to do that."1Z7 Another
Page 189 and 190: terrorism that covers virtually all
Page 191 and 192: In a typical case, Hady Hassan Omar
Page 193 and 194: a threat had already developed. The
Page 195 and 196: For most of that day, the police we
Page 197 and 198: the McCartby reportas a "crude and
Page 199 and 200: practical consequence of the Show o
Page 201 and 202: Such force took different forms. So
Page 203 and 204: at Rockefeller Center. Jeff Jones,
Page 205 and 206: On the tactical level, Stark notes:
Page 207 and 208: sion and brutal tactics is dangerou
Page 209: PLAYING BY THE RULESThe Negotiated
Page 213 and 214: formalizes the strategy of violence
Page 215 and 216: Militarization ... can be defined i
Page 217 and 218: The nationwide craze for SWAT teams
Page 219 and 220: a--institution into believing that
Page 221 and 222: tiUCommon features seemed to connec
Page 223 and 224: are not difficult to discern. Mispl
Page 225 and 226: Community policing does not imply t
Page 227 and 228: .. Narcotics En forcement Area" sig
Page 229 and 230: one to the other) . lther than inve
Page 231 and 232: tubetter terms with the community o
Page 233 and 234: center . . .. I don't think there's
Page 235 and 236: urglaries"; "Biber, tell me about t
Page 237 and 238: Of course, many community policing
Page 239 and 240: in a long series of institutional s
Page 241 and 242: Rodney Stark writes, "It is vulgar
Page 243 and 244: the name of "gang suppression."I.1
Page 245 and 246: 228ed civil rights workers through
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Page 249 and 250: these clumsy efforts. All this occu
Page 251 and 252: It is tempting to try to distinguis
Page 253 and 254: sion. Underlying the search for jus
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Page 259 and 260: 98 This grotesque overstatement ori
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140 \X'illiam Chambliss explains th
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tr)"1"I.."1"rJ)00rJ)E-
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lI'1I0'"1'rJJCjg;(;:G0r...rJJb0Z18'
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252Chicago offering one of the few
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2D Quoted in DonnC1", I'rotectors o
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00.-
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00N'I
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U')
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274145 Braverman offers a clear des
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Dominance," 17.176 Smith concurs: "
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46 Ford Fessenden and Michael Moss,
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...t--...I00...c...CFJ00::0]:.l;.CF
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U"\..I
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1 Eugene L Leach, "The Litcratllre
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M'"""I0000,...(fJ00::0'""(fJ1-
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00N100a--,...(J)C)0>0-(J)E-
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(:ommunity Policing," in Victor E.
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the United Statf>" (Pittsburgh: Uni
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I'- ..NI"
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1'5olire (Berkeley, CA: Center for
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and oppressed people suffer. The Pa
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70 J\kl:voy and Mik,l, "Republican
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selected bibliographyI HAVE TRIED T
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This is the most readable of the hi
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INSTITUTIONALIZED BRUTALITY AND POL
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Six Sociological Essays, edited by
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Smith, Bruce. Police Systems in the
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CHAPTER 7: SECRET POLICE, RED SQUAD
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This collection features studies of
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Policing Consortium. NCJ 148457. Au
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Mika, Harry and Kieran McEvoy. "Res
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Andrews, Avery D., 288n.4Anthracite
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...>< California Supreme Court, 291
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Constables of the Commonwealth(Mass
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Ettor, Joseph, 112-113Everett cotto
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homelessness and vagrancy (cont.)Se
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...X "Letter from Harlem." See "Fif
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National Commission on the Causesan
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:>< Pennsylvania State Federation o
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prostitution (ca nt.)See also broke
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X Scranton Commission (President's
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:>< Ta mmany Hall, 51, 52, 55, 250n
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Weisburd, David, 243n.137Weiss, The
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Even critics have a difficult time
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