Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

7 Henry David, The History of the Haymarket Affoir: A Study in the American SOcial-Revolutionary andI.abor Movements (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1936), 528. The Knights of Lahor, for example,issued a slatemenr that "the Knights of Labor have no affiliation, association, sympathy, or respectfor the band of cowardly murderers, cut-throats, and robbers, known as anarchists." Quoted inFoster Rhea I )ullcs and Melvyn Dubofsky, Labor in America: A History (Arlington Heights, IL:Harlan Davidson, 1984), 188-189.8 Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1972), 47.9 Quoted in Bruce C. Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs: A Social History of Chicago's Anarchists,1870-1900 (New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers Univcr;ity Press, 1988), 190.10 Kelson, Beyond the lv1artyrs, 190.II Joseph G. Rayback, A History of American Labor (New Yo rk: The Free Press, 1966), 168-169.12 Among other questionable features, the jury contained members who admitted to prejudicesagainst the defendants. Rayback, History of American Labor, 167-168.13 Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 275.14 Qlloted in Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, 192-193.15 Quoted in Avrich, Htlymarkl't Tragedy, 28.3.16 Quoted in Yellen, Labor Struggles, 69.17 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 14-20.18 Quoted in Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 15.19 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 20.20 Alan Wolfe, The Seilmy Side of Democracy: Repression in America (Reading, MA: Longman, 1978), 6.21 I )on ner, Protectors of Privilege, 1.22 Frank Kitson, Low 1memity Operations: Subversion, I.nsurgeru)\ Petlce-Keeping (Hamden, CT:Archon Books, 1971), 49.23 Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities[Church Committee] , Fintll Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations WithRespect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Congress, 2d sess., 1976, Book II, 1.24 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 10-1 1. Donner's book Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads tlild Repressionin Urban America is commonly recognized as the single best history of the subject, andmuch of the discussion here is drawn from his work.25 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 31.26 Donner, Protectors afPrivilege, 1-2.27 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 30.28 Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret wttrs Agtlinst the BltlckPtl nther Party and the AmeriCLIrl Indian Movement (Boston: South End Press, 1990), 22.29 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 35-36 .. 30 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 36-37.31 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 3.32 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 62-63.33 Donner, Protectors ofPrilJilege, 57-59.34 Frank Donner, "Theory and Practice of American Political T ntelligcnce," New York Review ofBooks, Apr.il 22, 1971, 29.35 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 91.36 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 66-69.37 Donner, Protectors of PriVilege, 260.38 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 93-95.39 Donner, Protectors afPrivilege, 233.40 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, .) 1 8 and .030.41 "In the early years of [the twentieth] century, police gathered information from informersplanted by private agencies, employers' associations, and patriotic groups. By the thirties,big-city police had begun to recruit their own informers from the private secror and acted as[he spy's 'handlers,' 'contacts,' or 'controls,' only rarely themselves resorting to impersonation,dissembling loyalties, and the fabrication of cover identities. It was one thing to have an agent asan independent contractor to do the dirty work of spying, but quite another fo r a public servantto do it himself. But in the sixties, police, not only in Chicago and New Yo rk but in smallercities-San Diego, Houston, Oakland, New Orleans, and Columbus, to name a few-went underground,and the 'undercover agent' became commonplace." Donner. Protectors of Privilege, 69-70.42 Donner, "Theory and Practice," 33.43 Donner, Protectors ofPrilJilege, 169.44 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 260.45 American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), Program on Government Surveillance and Citizens'Rights, The Police Thretlt to Political Liberty: Discoveries tlnd Actions of the American Friends ServiceCommittee Program on Government Surveillance and Citizens' Rights (Philadelphia: AFSe, 1979), 12.277