Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

contemporary public, government-controlled police agencies may someday be superseded byprivate corporate-controlled organizations fulfilling similar functions. Whether such organizationsshould be counted as "police," "company guards," or "private armies" is very much open fordebate, and probably cannot be decided without knowledge of the particulars of the institution.16 Bayley, "Development of Modern PoliCing," 62.17 "Informal policing refers to a system where community members are jointly responsible for themaintenance of order. Absent are persons whose sole responsibility is policing." Lundman, Policeand Policing, 15.18 Bruce Smith, Rura! Crime Control (New Yo rk: Institute of Public Administration, 1933), 36.19 Ibid.20 Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 33.21 Smith, Rural Crime Control, 38.22 Bayley, "Development of Modern Policing," 62.23 Smith, Rural Crime Co ntrol, 39-42.24 Bayley, "Development of Modern Policing," 62-63.25 Smith, Rural Crime Control, 75.26 "The ancient custom of making 'hue and cry' after criminals, with the entire countryside up inarms and joining the hunt, lapsed into disuse. The civil police officer began to emerge."Smith, Rum! Crime Co ntrol, 76.27 "Under this system, the constable became subordinated first to the lord of the manor and eventuallyto the justice of the peace (who was frequently also the lord of the memor). As feudalismended, capitalism developed as an economic system, and the nation-state formed. Thus, in gross,the origin of the English police in its modern fo rm and function can be said to be consistentand coincident with the origin of the English state." Cyril D. Robinson and Richard Scaglion,"The Origin and Evolurion of the Police Function in Society: Notes Toward a Theory," Law andSociety Review 21.1 (1987): 147.28 Smith, Rural Crimr Control, 76.29 Emsley, English Police, 9.30 Elaine A. Reynolds, Brfore the Bobbies: Th e Night Wtztch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London,1120-1830 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), 169.31 Quoted in Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 16 and 18.32 Emsley, English Police, 19-22.33 Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 61.34 Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 4.35 Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 62-68 and 77-78.36 Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 57. Beadles were daytime officers responsible fo r enforcing liquorlaws and poor laws, directing traffic, keeping order in church, and sometimes supervising thewatch. Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 10 and 24.37 Lundman, Police and Policing, 17; and Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 76.38 Bayley, "Development of Modern Policing," 63.39 Philip John Stead, Th e Po lice in Britain (New Yo rk: Macmillan, 1985), 16-17.40 Quoted in Wilbur R. Miller, "Police Authority in London and New Yo rk, 1830-1 870," TheJo urnal a/ Social History (Winter 1975): 92.41 "Finally, when we combine our better understanding of the elements, process, personnel, andmotivations that were involved in police reform in London during the whole period from 1735to 1829, it becomes clear that Robert Peel's reform in 1829 was not revolutionary. It rationalizedand extended but did not alter existing practices .... The change was carried out with the inputand cooperation ofloeal authorities, although not all were confident as to its benefits. The newpolice took on the functions of the old and did them in much the same fashion, drawing on theexperience and expertise of the parish watch system. Many of the people who staffed the newpolice had staffed the parochial system." Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 164.42 "Peel's previous experience as an under secretary in the Wa r and Colonies Office had preparedhim somewhat in the management of alien, poverty stricken, and rebellious populations. Moreover,his staunch Protestantism and unwillingness to grant political rights to Catholics madehim ideologically perfect to run the affairs ofIreland, at least from the English point of view."Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 37.43 Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 38.44 Emsley, English Police, 26.45 Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 4 and 164.46 Emsley, English Police, 31.47 Shortly after the watch was disbanded, the vestry clerk of St. Thomas, Southwark reported roLord Melbourne: "The generality of the Inhabitant Householders expresses much dissatisfactionat the policeman being so seldom seen and consider that they are not so well protected as they245