Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

(:ommunity Policing," in Victor E. Kappeler, The Police and Society (Prospect Heights, IL: WavelandPress, 1999).46 Skolnick and Bayley, New Blue Line, 21.47 For case studies of early co mmunity policing programs, see: Skolnick and Bayley, New BlueLine. For discussion on how specifk programs fit into the community policing strategy, see:Herman Coldstein, "Toward Community-Oriented Policing: Potential, Basic Requirements, andThreshold Questions," Crime and Delinquency (January 1987); and Gary W. Cordner, "Elementsof Community Policing," in Policing Perspectives: An Anthology, ed. Larry K. Gaines and Gary W.Cordner (l.os Angeles: Roxbury Publishing, 1999).For a discussion of early experiments with the various programs, see: Center for Researchon Criminal Justice, iron Fist.48 Cord ner, "Elements of Co mmunity Policing," 138-1 44.1j9 Community Policing Consortium, "Understanding Community Policing: A Framework fo r Action"INCJ 1484'171 (Washington, D.C.: United States Department ofJustice, Bureau of JusticeAssistance, August 1994), .) .'50 Skolnick and Bayley, Nell' Blue Unc. 213.'51 In 1993, 50 percent of police administrators said they had a community policing program, andanother 20 percent said they intended to establish one within a year. Neil Websdale, Policing thePoor: From S/Il1'e Plantation to Public Housing (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2(01), 194.') 2 Cates, Chief, 307-'109.'53 Gates, Chief, 308 and 267.')4 Matthew T DeMichele and Peter B. Kraska, "Community Policing in Battle Garb: A Paradox orCoherent Strategy'" in Kraska, Militarizing the American Criminal justice System, 87.,)'i DeMichele and Kraska, "Community Policing in Battle Garb," 87-88.'i(' "Problem-oriented policing goes a step fu rther than what is commonly conveyed in communitypolicing by asserting up front that the police job is not simply law enf{)fcement, but dealingwith a wide range of community problems-only some of which constitute violations of thelaw. It fu rther asserts that enf{)fcement of the law is not an end in itself but only one of severalmeans by which the police can deal with the problems they arc expected to handle." Goldstein,''"]()ward Community-Oriented Policing," 16.'i 7 See chapter 6.'58 Sec chapters 2 and 3.59 Even the Community Po licing Consortium report acknowledges this fa ct, though of course ittries to put the best face on it: "Police became the targets of hostility, which ultimately led policeleaders to concerned reflection and analysis." Community Policing Consortium, "UnderstandingCommunity Policing," 7.(,0 See chapters 7 ancl R.61 A 1968 Pentagon report to President Johnson warned against increasing the number of troops inVietnam, citing the war's unpopularity: "This growing disaffection accompanied as it certainlywill be, by increased defiance of the draft and growing unrest in the cities because of the beliefthat we are neglecting domestic problems, runs great risk of provoking a domestic crisis ofunprecedented proportlOns." Quoted 1O Howard ZlOn, A People's Htstory of the Un tted States,1492-Present (New Yo rk: HarperPerrenial, 1995), 491.62 "The fact that police actions triggered many of the riots and then could not control them revealedto everyone the price of having a police department backed only by the power of the law, but notby the consent, much less active support, of those being policed." Hubert Williams and Patrick VMurphy, "The Evolving Strategy of Police: A Minority View," in Kappeler, Police and Society, 30.63 These advantages are specifically noted by the Community Policing Consortium, though insomewhat coded language: "Cooperative problem solving ... reinforces trust, facilitates theexchange of information, and leads to the identification of other areas that could benefit fromthe mutual attention of the police and the community." Community Policing Consortium,"Understanding Community Policing," 18.64 Goldstein, "Toward Community-Oriented Policing," 10.65 Victor E. Kappeler and Peter B. Kraska, "A Textual Critique of Community Policing: PoliceAdaption to High Modernity," Policing: An in ternational jo urnal of Police Strategies and Management21:2 (1998), 305; and Victor E. Kappeler, "Reinventing the Police and Society: TheSpectacle of Social Control," in Kappeler, Police and Society, 488.66 Kappeler and Kraska, "Textual Critique," 305.67 Center for Research on Criminal Justice, Iron Fist, 70. Emphasis in original. In the early 1970s, theLAPD began organizing neighborhood meetings as part of its team-policing program (called the"Basic Car Plan"). The police used these meetings to recruit informants and to circulate petitionscalling for the reintroduction of the death penalty. Huey P. Newton, "A Citizen's Peace Force,"Crime and Social justice: A jo urnal of Radical Criminology 1 (Spring-Summer 1974), 39.290