Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

150 Quoted in Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 581.151 Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 585-586.152 Bacon. "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 601.153 Quoted in Hadden, SlalJe Patrols, 58.154 Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 602.155 "[Tlhere can be no doubt that this city was far ahead of all others in regard to enforcement machineryat this time." Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 606.156 Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 598-601; and Rousey,Policing the Southern City, 19-20.157 Bacon, "Farly Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 605.158 These reforms reordered the city government, consolidating power under a mayoral figure calledthe intendent. They also created a daytime police force, which combined with the CharlestonWatch and Guard in 1856. Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol.2," 616-619, 626-628, 634-635, and 643. "[Ilt is signiflcant to note under what conditions it[the daytime police force] arose and with what problems it was chiefly concerned; as in the caseof night policing it is the control of the slave population that dominates enforcement activity."Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 635.159 Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police. vol. 2." 660-661.160 In 1803. New Orleans had a population of 8,056 people. Of these. 2.273 were slaves, andanother 1,335 were free Black people. The White population at the time numbered 3,948, butthis group was anyth ing but unified. Differences of ethnicity, religion, language. and nationalorigin all divided the White population, and sometimes produced fierce conflicts. Bacon. "EarlyDevelopment of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2." 657.161 Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 663-665; and Rousey,PoliCing the Southern City, 14-16.162 Quoted in Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 669-670.163 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 16.164 Bacon. "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 668-669.165 Rousey. Policing the Southern City, 17.166 "Its organization was distinctly military. though a bit less so than the Gendarmerie. Unlike thegendarmes, city guardsmen did not routinely carry firearms, relying on sabers and half-pikes instead.although the use of muskets was authorized in times of emergency. Corporal punishmentwas abolished. and terms of enlistment ran for only six months. The city guard was dramaticallycloser to a military model of organization than were the northern night watches and constabulatyof the same period. and slave control remained a very significant goal of the New Orleanspolice." Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 18-19.167 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 17-18.168 Quoted in Rousey. PoliCing the Southern City, 32. Emphasis in original.169 Quoted in Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 34.170 Quoted in Rousey. Policing the Southern City, 33.171 The cop was tried and acquitted, but reprimanded by the judge. Rousey, Policing the SouthernCity. 34.172 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 29.173 Rousey. Policing the Southern City, 30.174 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 34-37.175 "New Orleans initiated its military-style police in 1805 but demilitarized the police force in1836. dropping the uniforms and weapons. At the same time a daytime police force. organizationallyintegrated with the night police, was formed to provide rwenty-four-hour active patrollingwith a unified chain of command-nine years before New York's similar reform." Rousey,Policing the Southern City, 6.176 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 36-37.177 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 37 and 41.178 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 45.179 In 1847, for example, inter-governmental rivalry nearly reached conflict levels. After a seriesof gambling raids by the police of the First Municipality, the Third Municipality's police wereordered to arrest any cops from other jurisdictions caught trespassing on their turf. Faced withthe prospect of a turf war featuring rival police factions. the First Municipality quickly backeddown. Rousey. Policing the Southern City, 47-48.180 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 66.181 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 69.182 Rousey, PoliCing the Southern City, 70-72.183 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 76.184 Rousey. Policing the Southern City, 78-80.249