Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

ston, 1980), 29.71 Lundman , Police and Policing, 29-30.72 John C. Schneider, Detroit and the Problem of Order, /830-1880: A Geography of Crime, Riot,and PoliCing (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), 55.73 Quoted in Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 783.74 Hindus, Prison and Plantation, 58; and Roger Lane, "Crime and Criminal Statistics in Nineteenth-CenturyMassachusetts," The Jo urnal of Socia! History (Winter 1968): 162-163. MichaelHindus notes: "Drunkards were the refuse of society not simply hecause of their drinking habits,but rather due to their working habits, or lack of same." Hindus, Prison and Plantation, 120.Moreover, some employers fe lt they had a legitimate business interest in controlling thehabits of the people who worked fo r them. They blamed alcohol for making workers immoral,lethargic, unhealthy, unproductive, unteliable, careless, undisciplined, and-some said-radical.One steel magnate reasoned "today's drinker and debaucher is tomorrow's striker fo r higherwages." Quoted in Sidney Harring, PoliCing a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities,1865-1915 (New Brunswick. NJ : Rutgers University Press, 1983). 152.For rhe classic discussion on the relationship between Protestantism and capitalism, see:Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Sf)irit of Capitalism (London: Allen and Unwin, 1930).75 "Assembly-line justice, with its tendency not simply toward efficiency, but to ruthlessness andrailroading as well, was appropriate to the class-control function of many criminal prosecutionsin Massachusetts. 'I() the extent that defendants were seen as members of a deviant or dangerousclass. they lost their individuality. For the offenses that characterized class-control types ofprosecutions-drunkenness, riot, petty theft-error was permissible; value inculcation was theobjective. Defendants seemed almost interchangeable." Hindus, Prison and Plantation, 124.Meanwhile, other fo rms of social control were being experimented with, especially educationand the prohibition of alcohol. These too had the aim of imposing values on the poor. In asense, they represented efforts to reform them in advance. Hindus, Prison and Plantation, 237.76 Hindus, Prison and Plantation, 126.77 Hindus, Prison and Plantation, 127.78 "[TJ he newer sources of wealth turned toward a bureaucratic police system that insulated themfrom popular violence, drew attack and animosity upon itself, and seemed to separate the assertionof 'constitutional' authority from that of social and economic dominance." Allan Silver, "TheDemand fo r Order in Civil Society: A Review of Some Themes in the History of Urban Crime,Police, and Riot," in The Police: Six Sociologiml Essays, ed. David J. Bordua (New York: John Wi leyand Sons, 1976), 11-12.79 Schneider, Detroit, 54.80 Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 50.SI Lundman, Police and Policing, 31.82 Monkkonen, Police in Urban Amcrica, 50-5 1. [n eighteenth-century England, fo r example, risingcrime led to harsher penalties. Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 68.83 Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 2," 455.84 Lane, "Crime and Criminal Staristics," 157. lane bases this conclusion on an examination oflower court cases, jail sentences, grand jury proceedings, and prison records.85 Lane, PoliCing the City, 19.86 Richardson, Urban Police, 79-80.87 Lane, "Crime and Criminal Statistics," 1 SH-1 59.88 Lane, "Crime and Criminal Statistics," 160; and Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 103.89 Sidney Harring wryly notes: "The criminologist's definition of 'public order crimes' comesperilously close to the historian's description of 'working-class leisure-time activity. '" Harring,Policing a Class Socief)1 198.90 Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 103. "Private citizens may initiare the processes of justicewhen injured directly, but professionals are usually required to deal with those whose merely immoralor distasteful behavior hurts no one in particular. It takes real cops to make drunk arrests."Lane, "Crime and Criminal Statistics," 1 GO.91 Lane, "Crime and Criminal Statistics," 222 and 161.92 Richardson, Urban i'olice, 79-80.93 Harring, Policing a Class Society, 40.94 "Although the problems of the streets-the fights, the crowds, the crime, the children-werenothing new, the 'problem' itself represented altered bourgeois perceptions and a broadenedpolitical initiative. An area of social life that had been taken fo r granted, an accepted feature ofcity life, became visible, subject to scrutiny and intervention." Christine Stansell, City of Women :Sex and Class in New York, 1189-1869 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 197.95 Stansell, City of Wo men, 172- 173.96 Stansell, City of Wo men, 173-1 74 and 276-277.253