Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

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-police political activity. See policeNorthern Ireland and popular justice;Zunions, police political activity, and South Africa and popular justice Ut'!lBlue Power Porter, Bruce, 8Police Riots: Collective Violence and Portland, Oregon, 91, 162, 168-169,Law Enforcement (Stark), 187215, 219, 243n.127, 265n.59, 278n.78,"Police Strategy Number 5: Rec1aim- 282n.156ing the Public Spheres of New York," Portland Police Association, 141(NYPD), 250 Portland Police Vigilantes, 91police unions, police political activity, Portland State University Hispanicand Blue Power, 51, 101, 121-125, Student Union, 162133-148, 145, 146, 205, 222, 267n.1, Po rtland Te legram, 91267n.4, 267n.7, 268n.19, 268n.21, Po rtland Tribune, 219, 279n.99,268n.35, 268n.36, 268n.46, 295n.149272n.105, 272n.106, 272n.107, Posse Comitatus, 101272n.110, 272n.111, 272n.125, Powell, Edmund, 101273n.128, 273n.133, 273n.135, Powell, Laurence, 5273n.139, 273n.140, 274n.151,Powelton (Philadelphia, Pennsylva-274n.152, 274n.163, 275n.164, nia), 170275n.165, 275n.166, 275n.174,PPUs. See police paramilitary units276n.176, 276n.179, 276n.180, Prague, Czech Republic, 180290n.67, 291n.69, 292n.81. See also Pratt, Elmer "Geronimo" (Geronimo jiBoston Police Strike (1919; Detroit ]aga), 159-160, 278n.65Police Strike (1967); Fraternal President's Commission on CampusOrders of Police (FOPs) ; Patrol-Unrest. See Scranton Commissionman's Benevolent Associations Press Democrat (Santa Rosa, Califor-(PBAs); political machines; unions nia), 169and labor movement preventive orientation, 2, 29, 30, 32-34,policy communities and policy net- 44, 46, 48, 63-65, 71, 73, 76, 133,works, 166-167, 238-244, 314n.177, 175-176, 190, 204, 205, 215, 219, 226,329n.79. See also Smith, Martin ]. 258n.83, 269n.51, 292n.83, 292n.90,political machines, 2, 49, 53, 56-60, 293n.95, 293n.98, 295n.15274-75, 77, 125, 127, 129-130, 145, Price, Cecil, 98148, 205, 222, 251n.48 problem-oriented policing, 207, 210,Pontiac, Michigan, 92 211, 212, 216, 218, 219, 290n.56, 290.Poore, Munford ]., 79 n63, 291n.76popular justice and restorative justice, profiling. See racial profiling229-236, 297n.14, 298n.38, 300n.74, professionalization, 104, 130-133, 137,300n.78, 301n.86, 301n.89; and Black 140, 145-146, 205, 222, 271n.82,Panther Party for Self Defense, 271n.86, 271n.95228-229; and civil rights move- progressive movement and the Proments,227-228, 297n.23, 297n.24; gressive Era, 108, 110, 125-126,and criteria for legitimacy, 235;128-130, 130-131, 182, 205, 270n.69,and Havana General Strike (1959), 270n.70, 271n.73, 286n.94, 287n.109,297n.22; and Hungary (1956), 289n.44297n.22; and Seattle General Strike prostitution, 32, 50, 58, 64-65, 67, 70, 71,(1919) , 265-266, 268; restorative 82, 125, 202, 211, 213, 214, 244n.141,justice, defined, 299n.46. See also 263n.7, 264n.29, 269n.51, 292n.93.337
prostitution (ca nt.)See also broken windows theory;dangerous classes; drug war; homelcssnessand vagrancy; Protestantethics; public order; vice laws andProhibition; zero-tolerance, quality-of-Iife,and order-maintenancepolicingProtestant ethics, 50, 68, 71, 74, 75,263n.7, 270n.70. Se(' also prostitution;public order; vice laws andProhibitionProudhol1, Pierre-Joseph, 25111.31public order, 50, 61, 69-71, 91, 93, 103,106, 107, 122-123, 193, 237, 210,212-214, 2::;3n.89, 287n.109. See alsobroken windows theory; dangerousclasses; drug war; homelessness andvagrancy; prostitu! ion; Prott'stantethics; vice laws and Prohibition;zero-tolerance, quality-of-Iife, andorder-maintenance policingquality-of-Iife. See zero-tolerance,quality-of-life, and ordermaintenancepolicingQuebec City (Canada), 180l)ueens (New York, New York) , 220Quincy, Josiah, 57R. M. McCarthy and Associates, 179-180, 193-194, 287n.ll0racial profiling, 44, 81, 81-83, 83-86,86-88, 90, 202-203, 224, 248n.142,256n.44, 257n.50, 257n.65, 25811.73,258n.78, 258n.79, 258n.80, 258n.81,259n.84, 259n.87, 278n.78, 288n.22;and criminal profiling, 82; definitionsof, 81, 82; and preventive orientation,71; statistics, 83, 85-86, 87-88,89, 90, 240n.77, 257n.48, 257n.51,257n.57, 257n.58, 259n.88Rainey, Lawrence, 97, 98, 261n.150Ramy, John, 113Rats (gang), 60Reading, Pennsylvania, 181Reagan, Ronald, 160, 168, 169Reconstruction and Redemption,78-81, 91, 102, 104, 255n.1O, 25::;n.12,255n.15, 255n.23, 255n.26, 255n.27,256n.28, 256n.29, 256n.30, 264n.29red squads, 94, 127, 146, 149, 153-155,155-158, 159, 160, 162-163, 164,164-168, 171, 176, 192, 277n.24,278n.78, 278n.80, 279n.99, 279n.116,286n.102, 295n.146Reikes, John, 280n.126Reiner, Robert, 2, 275n.164, 286n.108"Report of Colored Population" (1858), 42Report of the (Virginia) Commissionon County Government, 246n.58Report of the General Superintendentof Police (Chicago 1876) , 106Reporter (New York, New York) , 135Republic of Texas, 264n.29Republican Party, 51, 52, 55, 56, 77, 78,80, 101, 250n.207Research West, 162restorative justice. See popular justiceand restorative justice; CommunityRestorative Justice (CRT)Revolutionary Action Movement(RAM), 158Ribicoff, ... \braham, 137Richardson, James, 111, 270n.67,283n.16Richelieu, 251n.48Richmond (New York, New York), 52Richmond, Paul, 294n.129Richmond, Virginia, 42Riddell, Ed, 241n.90Rights in Conflict: Chicago's 7 BrutalDays (Walker) . See Walker, DanielRiley, Joseph P., 266n.86Riley, Ken, 266n.85Rincon Hill (San Francisco, California),114riots, and Black Power Movement,261n,158; chronology of 1968, 185-186, 285n.68; explanations of, 4, 5,6-7, 9; after Martin Luther King, J r.'sassassination (1968), 186, 285n.59;338
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WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION BY•J O YJ
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(e) 2007 by Kristian WilliamsIntrod
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acknowledgmentsBOOKS DO Nar WRITE T
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ZSugE-
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forewordPOLICE AND POWER IN AMERICA
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1POLICE BRUTALITY IN THEORY AND PRA
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copter. Of these, ten Los Angeles P
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way of understanding the lives led
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vidual officer, perhaps it leads us
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given incident, while excessive use
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The difficulties in measuring exces
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up, a very large number of citizens
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(5) Unintentionality."[0 lffi cers
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Between 1995 and 2000, 360 cops wer
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emember that the available statisti
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even be supported by the lieutenant
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standing of those with power-those
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specialized function, and professio
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TIlere is a further advantage to th
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and frequently drunk.In 1727,Joseph
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the town, preparing elections, impr
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In fact, the first major reform of
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of personal honor. No White man sho
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stopping slaves whenever they were
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Charleston formed a City Guard in 1
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civil rather than military activity
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and Watch. This body was responsibl
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t::Uviolence, the committee argued,
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ity by policemen, dismissing thirte
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Political corruption was not new to
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3THE GENESIS OF A POLICED SOCIETYIN
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first moment, the importance of pol
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deals could be quite profitable for
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suppressing such riots. Not that th
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influence in wards where popular su
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delphia, investigated vegetable mar
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quo (that is, to protect the intere
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To the degree that industrializatio
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This analysis does not solve the pr
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well. 1I3 A more telling difference
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down. TIlls breakdown was in each c
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4COPS AND KLAN, HAND IN HANDAND THE
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tom .... A door opens outward on th
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very much like their previous statu
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tious driving, the model of the car
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statistics tell us that police arre
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fits the unit's established modus o
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Police investigators later document
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And let's not forget the enormous r
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area: they would pull up in a squad
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The Klan would meet the bus at the
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___ stoppedin terms of what the Fre
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SELMA, ALABAMA: BLOODY SUNDAYViolen
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point. The Panthers personified eve
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were killed, and ten other people w
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5THE NATURAL ENEMY OF THE WO RKING
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The practices surrounding the enfor
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lar officer's ties to the local com
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monopoly on it. Despite the continu
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troops, fifty cops from the Metropo
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and filled it with tear gas. As the
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Nine workers were arrested, charged
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the courts, and the police could be
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all health and well-being. The main
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ment retaliation, and a formal grie
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In 1912, Herman Rosenthal, a profes
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leadership. Increasingly, the polic
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struggle for status in urban Americ
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than before. But the main effect of
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The police also returned to open el
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policy. Henry Wise, the lawyer for
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the power and rewards of the upper
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found the FOP was sympathetic enoug
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whereas even the rookie patrolman s
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This process then results in a tran
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class. The police rebellion came wh
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is an obvious threat to democracy.T
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speeches, but as the evening wore o
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The Haymarket tragedy ... marked th
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154The role of the red squads furth
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Democratic Convention, and later go
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tion. Bail would be set at astronom
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tapped, then admitted that it was b
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Department's Inspectional Service D
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dissenting group, representing rela
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instructions on infiltrating and di
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convention," was scheduled to coinc
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170supposed to do that."1Z7 Another
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terrorism that covers virtually all
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In a typical case, Hady Hassan Omar
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a threat had already developed. The
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For most of that day, the police we
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the McCartby reportas a "crude and
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practical consequence of the Show o
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Such force took different forms. So
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at Rockefeller Center. Jeff Jones,
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On the tactical level, Stark notes:
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sion and brutal tactics is dangerou
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PLAYING BY THE RULESThe Negotiated
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f-;Cl.But the city council's perspe
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formalizes the strategy of violence
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Militarization ... can be defined i
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The nationwide craze for SWAT teams
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a--institution into believing that
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tiUCommon features seemed to connec
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are not difficult to discern. Mispl
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Community policing does not imply t
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.. Narcotics En forcement Area" sig
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one to the other) . lther than inve
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tubetter terms with the community o
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center . . .. I don't think there's
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urglaries"; "Biber, tell me about t
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Of course, many community policing
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in a long series of institutional s
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Rodney Stark writes, "It is vulgar
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the name of "gang suppression."I.1
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228ed civil rights workers through
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the elderly and unemployed.40 Meanw
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these clumsy efforts. All this occu
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It is tempting to try to distinguis
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sion. Underlying the search for jus
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0-'Ilr)[/)'"-l()et::01516[/) 17'"-l
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'"'i'..".,..-
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98 This grotesque overstatement ori
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140 \X'illiam Chambliss explains th
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-.0MIMMrn'"-10I¥0rn'"-1E-
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tr)"1"I.."1"rJ)00rJ)E-
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lI'1I0'"1'rJJCjg;(;:G0r...rJJb0Z18'
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252Chicago offering one of the few
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'-0l"-I..I"-rJJ>..
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..,..00I000
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o'"I0000rJlWc..?c.::o'""'rJlWf-;ozG
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-.cC1'IO'lC1'rJJ'-'0::0f,.1.,rJJf-
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M0,...I00,...rJJC)0rJJ1-
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2D Quoted in DonnC1", I'rotectors o
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00.-
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lr)N...INN...VJC)g;0VJE-03132333435
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00N'I
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U')
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274145 Braverman offers a clear des
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Dominance," 17.176 Smith concurs: "
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46 Ford Fessenden and Michael Moss,
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...t--...I00...c...CFJ00::0]:.l;.CF
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U"\..I
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1 Eugene L Leach, "The Litcratllre
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Page 305 and 306: 00N100a--,...(J)C)0>0-(J)E-
Page 307 and 308: (:ommunity Policing," in Victor E.
Page 309 and 310: the United Statf>" (Pittsburgh: Uni
Page 311 and 312: I'- ..NI"
Page 313 and 314: 1'5olire (Berkeley, CA: Center for
Page 315 and 316: and oppressed people suffer. The Pa
Page 317 and 318: 70 J\kl:voy and Mik,l, "Republican
Page 320 and 321: selected bibliographyI HAVE TRIED T
Page 322 and 323: This is the most readable of the hi
Page 324 and 325: INSTITUTIONALIZED BRUTALITY AND POL
Page 326 and 327: Six Sociological Essays, edited by
Page 328 and 329: Smith, Bruce. Police Systems in the
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 7: SECRET POLICE, RED SQUAD
Page 332 and 333: This collection features studies of
Page 334 and 335: Policing Consortium. NCJ 148457. Au
Page 336: Mika, Harry and Kieran McEvoy. "Res
Page 339 and 340: Andrews, Avery D., 288n.4Anthracite
Page 341 and 342: ...>< California Supreme Court, 291
Page 343 and 344: Constables of the Commonwealth(Mass
Page 345 and 346: Ettor, Joseph, 112-113Everett cotto
Page 347 and 348: homelessness and vagrancy (cont.)Se
Page 349 and 350: ...X "Letter from Harlem." See "Fif
Page 351 and 352: National Commission on the Causesan
Page 353: :>< Pennsylvania State Federation o
Page 357 and 358: X Scranton Commission (President's
Page 359 and 360: :>< Ta mmany Hall, 51, 52, 55, 250n
Page 361 and 362: Weisburd, David, 243n.137Weiss, The
Page 363: Even critics have a difficult time
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