Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

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Times, June 9, 1985.191 Some researchers have found empirical support fo r this view of policing. For example, basedon a review of eleven cities' police expenditures during the 1960s, David Jacohs concluded:"Metropolitan areas with more blacks had stronger law enforcement agencies in 1970 but thiseffect was not present in the 1960 equations. Thus, economic and racial cleavages were benerpredicrors of police strength after a decade of well publicized wcial upheavals which may havebeen threatening to elites." David Jacobs, "Inequality and Police Strength: Conflict Theory andCoercive Control in Metropolitan Areas," American SOciological Review 44.6 (1979): 923.In a similar study of public spending in the 1970s, Pamela Irving Jackson fo und that "theevidence at hand does suggest greater collective commitment to policing in urban centers mostlikely to be characterized by the struggle for dominance-in regions where the minority groupis, for historical reasons, likely to be viewed as threatening, and in cities in which the group islarge enough to constitute a threat." Pamela Irving Jackson, Minority Group Threat, Crime, andPolicing: Social Context and Social Control (New Yo rk: Praeger, 1989), 52.Chapter 5: The Natural Enemy of the Wo rking Class1 George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, 1980), 124.2 Pavlito Geshos, "Working Class Hetoes," Clamor, March/April 2002, 50. Greensboro was notthe first time the KKK took an interest in destroying unions. To offer just one example, in theautumn of 1936, the Klan burned a cross near the rubber factory in Akron, hoping to intimidatestriking workers who had occupied the f'lCtory. Jeremy Brecher, Strike' (Boston: South End Press.1972), 185.3 Quoted in Dennis C. Rousey, Policing the Southern City: New Orleans, 1805-1889 (BatonRouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 167. The majority of the strikers were Black, butnot all of them.4 Anatole France, The Red Lily (New Yo rk: The Modern Library, no date) , 75.5 Quoted in Fric H. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 1860-1920 (Cambridge: CamhridgeUniversity Press, 1981), 129.6 See chapter 3 for more on this point.7 Allen Steinberg, The Transformation of Criminal justice: Philadelphia, 1800-1880 (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1 989), 127. This combination of elass bias and Puritanicalmoralism was characteristic of the period, and translated into rigid standards of conduct forwomen especially. Its effect was evident, for example, in New Yo rk's campaign against prostitution."In a city so concerned with defining both women's proper place and the place of the workingclass, the alarm over prostitution stemmed in part from general hostilities to the milieu oflaboring women from which prostitutes came." Christine Stansell, City af Women: Sex and Classin New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 175.8 Quoted in Steinberg, Ti-ansformation of Ci-iminafjustice, 153.9 Gang suppression is discussed in greater detail in chapter 4. The drug war, quality-of-life policies,and related efforts are addressed in chapter 9.10 Sidney Harring, Policing a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities, 1865-1915 (NewBrunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 20 1.11 Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. et aI., Beyond the Rodney King Story: An Investigation of Police Conduct in!flinority Communities (Boston: Northeastern University Press. 1995), 22-23.12 Ann Mullen, "Harassing the Homeless," Metro Times (Detroit, Michigan), November 24, 1999,http://www.metrotimes.com/mtframes.asp?l.age/20/23/Features/musGimme.html (accessedSeptember '), 2002).13 Harring, Policing a Class Society, 111.14 Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1990). 37.15 Raymond B. Fosdick, American Police Systems (New Yo rk: The Century Company, 1920),322-323. Emphasis in original.16 See, for example: Roger Lane, Policing the City: Boston 1822-1885 (Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 19(7), 206-207.17 A Pinkerton agent, James McParland, joined the Molly Maguires, aided in the commission ofcrimes, and then testified against them to gain a conviction. The Pennsylvania Supreme Courtupheld the practice in its 1877 Campbell 1's. Commonwealth decision. Nineteen Molly Maguireswere executed on the basis of such evidence. Donner, Proctectors of Privilege, 10; and HowardZinn, A People's History of the Un ited States. J492-Present (New Yo rk: Harperl'erennial, 1995), 239.18 Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 24.19 Bruce Smith, The State Police: Organization and Administration (New Yo rk: The MacmillanCompany, 1925), 33.263
2D Quoted in DonnC1", I'rotectors of Privilege, 25.21 For example, the commission remarked that "the resentment expressed by many persons connectedwith tbe strike at the presence of the armed guards and militia of the State does not argue wellfor the peaceable character or purposes of such persons" and that "a labor or other organizationwhose purpose can he accomplished only by the violation oflaw and order of society. hasno right to exist." Quoted in Katherine Mayo. J1I5tice To All: The Story of the Penwyl1!!l71ill Stt/fl'I'olice (New Yo rk: CP Purnam', SOIlS. 1917), 4.22 Quoted in Mayo, justice To All, 5.2:1 Mayo, Justice 10 All. 1 D.24 Diane Cecelia \X'eber, "Warrior Cops: The Ominous Growth of Paramilitarislll in AmericanPolice Departments," Cuo Institute Briefing Papers 30 (August 26, 1999): 6.25 Quoted in Pennsylvanian State Federation of Labor, The American Cossack (New Yo rk: ArnoPress & The New York Ti meso 1 97 1 ) , I 7.26 Quoted in Pennsylvanian State Federation of Labor. Amaicrln C()s.'t"-R, 282
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WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION BY•J O YJ
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(e) 2007 by Kristian WilliamsIntrod
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acknowledgmentsBOOKS DO Nar WRITE T
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ZSugE-
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forewordPOLICE AND POWER IN AMERICA
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1POLICE BRUTALITY IN THEORY AND PRA
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copter. Of these, ten Los Angeles P
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way of understanding the lives led
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vidual officer, perhaps it leads us
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given incident, while excessive use
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The difficulties in measuring exces
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up, a very large number of citizens
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(5) Unintentionality."[0 lffi cers
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Between 1995 and 2000, 360 cops wer
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emember that the available statisti
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even be supported by the lieutenant
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standing of those with power-those
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specialized function, and professio
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TIlere is a further advantage to th
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and frequently drunk.In 1727,Joseph
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the town, preparing elections, impr
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In fact, the first major reform of
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of personal honor. No White man sho
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stopping slaves whenever they were
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Charleston formed a City Guard in 1
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civil rather than military activity
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and Watch. This body was responsibl
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t::Uviolence, the committee argued,
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ity by policemen, dismissing thirte
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Political corruption was not new to
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3THE GENESIS OF A POLICED SOCIETYIN
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first moment, the importance of pol
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deals could be quite profitable for
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suppressing such riots. Not that th
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influence in wards where popular su
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delphia, investigated vegetable mar
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quo (that is, to protect the intere
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To the degree that industrializatio
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This analysis does not solve the pr
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well. 1I3 A more telling difference
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down. TIlls breakdown was in each c
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4COPS AND KLAN, HAND IN HANDAND THE
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tom .... A door opens outward on th
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very much like their previous statu
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tious driving, the model of the car
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statistics tell us that police arre
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fits the unit's established modus o
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Police investigators later document
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And let's not forget the enormous r
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area: they would pull up in a squad
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The Klan would meet the bus at the
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___ stoppedin terms of what the Fre
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SELMA, ALABAMA: BLOODY SUNDAYViolen
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point. The Panthers personified eve
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were killed, and ten other people w
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5THE NATURAL ENEMY OF THE WO RKING
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The practices surrounding the enfor
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lar officer's ties to the local com
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monopoly on it. Despite the continu
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troops, fifty cops from the Metropo
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and filled it with tear gas. As the
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Nine workers were arrested, charged
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the courts, and the police could be
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all health and well-being. The main
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ment retaliation, and a formal grie
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In 1912, Herman Rosenthal, a profes
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leadership. Increasingly, the polic
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struggle for status in urban Americ
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than before. But the main effect of
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The police also returned to open el
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policy. Henry Wise, the lawyer for
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the power and rewards of the upper
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found the FOP was sympathetic enoug
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whereas even the rookie patrolman s
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This process then results in a tran
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class. The police rebellion came wh
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is an obvious threat to democracy.T
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speeches, but as the evening wore o
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The Haymarket tragedy ... marked th
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154The role of the red squads furth
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Democratic Convention, and later go
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tion. Bail would be set at astronom
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tapped, then admitted that it was b
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Department's Inspectional Service D
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dissenting group, representing rela
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instructions on infiltrating and di
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convention," was scheduled to coinc
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170supposed to do that."1Z7 Another
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terrorism that covers virtually all
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In a typical case, Hady Hassan Omar
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a threat had already developed. The
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For most of that day, the police we
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the McCartby reportas a "crude and
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practical consequence of the Show o
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Such force took different forms. So
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at Rockefeller Center. Jeff Jones,
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On the tactical level, Stark notes:
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sion and brutal tactics is dangerou
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PLAYING BY THE RULESThe Negotiated
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f-;Cl.But the city council's perspe
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formalizes the strategy of violence
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Militarization ... can be defined i
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The nationwide craze for SWAT teams
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a--institution into believing that
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tiUCommon features seemed to connec
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are not difficult to discern. Mispl
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Community policing does not imply t
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.. Narcotics En forcement Area" sig
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Page 233 and 234: center . . .. I don't think there's
Page 235 and 236: urglaries"; "Biber, tell me about t
Page 237 and 238: Of course, many community policing
Page 239 and 240: in a long series of institutional s
Page 241 and 242: Rodney Stark writes, "It is vulgar
Page 243 and 244: the name of "gang suppression."I.1
Page 245 and 246: 228ed civil rights workers through
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Page 249 and 250: these clumsy efforts. All this occu
Page 251 and 252: It is tempting to try to distinguis
Page 253 and 254: sion. Underlying the search for jus
Page 255 and 256: 0-'Ilr)[/)'"-l()et::01516[/) 17'"-l
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Page 259 and 260: 98 This grotesque overstatement ori
Page 261 and 262: 140 \X'illiam Chambliss explains th
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Page 265 and 266: tr)"1"I.."1"rJ)00rJ)E-
Page 267 and 268: lI'1I0'"1'rJJCjg;(;:G0r...rJJb0Z18'
Page 269 and 270: 252Chicago offering one of the few
Page 271 and 272: '-0l"-I..I"-rJJ>..
Page 273 and 274: ..,..00I000
Page 275 and 276: o'"I0000rJlWc..?c.::o'""'rJlWf-;ozG
Page 277 and 278: -.cC1'IO'lC1'rJJ'-'0::0f,.1.,rJJf-
Page 279: M0,...I00,...rJJC)0rJJ1-
Page 283 and 284: 00.-
Page 285 and 286: lr)N...INN...VJC)g;0VJE-03132333435
Page 287 and 288: 00N'I
Page 289 and 290: U')
Page 291 and 292: 274145 Braverman offers a clear des
Page 293 and 294: Dominance," 17.176 Smith concurs: "
Page 295 and 296: 46 Ford Fessenden and Michael Moss,
Page 297 and 298: ...t--...I00...c...CFJ00::0]:.l;.CF
Page 299 and 300: U"\..I
Page 301 and 302: 1 Eugene L Leach, "The Litcratllre
Page 303 and 304: M'"""I0000,...(fJ00::0'""(fJ1-
Page 305 and 306: 00N100a--,...(J)C)0>0-(J)E-
Page 307 and 308: (:ommunity Policing," in Victor E.
Page 309 and 310: the United Statf>" (Pittsburgh: Uni
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Page 313 and 314: 1'5olire (Berkeley, CA: Center for
Page 315 and 316: and oppressed people suffer. The Pa
Page 317 and 318: 70 J\kl:voy and Mik,l, "Republican
Page 320 and 321: selected bibliographyI HAVE TRIED T
Page 322 and 323: This is the most readable of the hi
Page 324 and 325: INSTITUTIONALIZED BRUTALITY AND POL
Page 326 and 327: Six Sociological Essays, edited by
Page 328 and 329: Smith, Bruce. Police Systems in the
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CHAPTER 7: SECRET POLICE, RED SQUAD
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This collection features studies of
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Policing Consortium. NCJ 148457. Au
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Mika, Harry and Kieran McEvoy. "Res
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Andrews, Avery D., 288n.4Anthracite
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...>< California Supreme Court, 291
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Constables of the Commonwealth(Mass
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Ettor, Joseph, 112-113Everett cotto
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homelessness and vagrancy (cont.)Se
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...X "Letter from Harlem." See "Fif
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National Commission on the Causesan
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:>< Pennsylvania State Federation o
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prostitution (ca nt.)See also broke
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X Scranton Commission (President's
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:>< Ta mmany Hall, 51, 52, 55, 250n
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Weisburd, David, 243n.137Weiss, The
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Even critics have a difficult time
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