Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

lI'1I0'"1'rJJCjg;(;:G0r...rJJb0Z18') Robert M. Fogelson, Big- City Police (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 33.186 Rousey, Policing tI,e Soutllnll City. 6CJ-72.187 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 67 and 82-84.188 Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 87-89.IX9 Rousey, Policing the SoutJxrrJ City, 89.1')0 Rousey, Po licing the Southem City, 94.ICJI Rousey, Policing the Southern City, 14.1')2 Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. 1," 295 and 298.James F. Richardson, Urban Po lice in the United States (Port Washington, NY: National UniversityPress, 1974), 23-24; and Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol.I," .3 11-5 12, 316, J.nd 322.The issues of centralization and continuity are more problematic. For while the overall organizationhad citywide jurisdiction, the ward structure of city government ensured that it wouldbe internally fragmemed, with precincts fu nctioning fo r the most part as autonomous units.Likewise. though the same officers patrolled every night, the overall continuity of the organizacionwas subject to interruption with every change in municipal politics.19') James F. Richardson, The New Yo rk Police: Colonial Times to 190} (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1970), 49.196 Quoted in Richardson, New Yo rk Police, 2.3.3.197 In 1816, when the Democratic political network Tammany Hall took control of the generalcounci\ it immediately replaced all city officials with fe deralist leanings, inclliding a great many'of the watchmen. Richardson, Neu' Yo rk Police, 21.19R flacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. I," 170 and 173; and Richardson,Ne w YiJrk Po li((', 17. Marshals wore no uniforms and carried no weapons. They were paid byfc c, and commonly neglected those duties which did not have fees attached to them. Likewise,reminiscent of the thief takers, marshals made a priority of returning stolen goods-for a reward,of course-but not of apprehending the thief. The result was collusion between the OmetT andthe crimina\, with the former serving as a lence for the latter. Richardson, New Yo rk Police, 19and 31; and Bacon, "Early Development of the Modern Municipal Police, vol. I," 238.199 Richardson, New Yo rk Police, 41.200 Richardson, Urban Police, 24.201 Richardson, New York Police, 83 and 86; and Richardson, Urban Police, .37.202 Quoted in Richardson, New York Po lice, 87.203 Richardson, Ne w Yo rk Police, 88-89; and Richardson, Urban Police, 38.204 Richardson, New York Police, 94-9'5.205 Richardson, New Yo rk Police, 95-1 00206 Quoted in Richardson, New Yo rk Police. 99. Tn rhe 1 R(>Os th rit)" , f.re, health, and liquorcontrol departments were also taken under state control. "These acts were closely modeled afterthe Metropolitan Police Law, setting the same boundaries for the districts involved, having manyof the same administrative provisions, and in some cases having the police commissioners asmembers of the boards ex officio." Richardson, New York City Police, 42-43.207 Richardson, l./ew lurk Police, 101-108; and Richardson, Urban PoLice, 39. A similar «(City HallWar" occurred in Denver in 1894. There the Repuhlican-controlled Board of Commissioners refusedto resign when the governor appointed anti-gambling commissioners to their seats. Policeofficers, sheriff's deputies, and assorted gangsters barricaded themselves inside City Hall, facingoff against the militia. Tensions were relieved when the governor ordered the militia to CrippleCreek for more important matters-breaking a strike. For a time following this incident, Denverhad two police boards and three police chiefs, but the Republicans eventually surrendered to acourt order. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 43.208 Richardson, New York Police, 109; and Richardson, Urban Police, 42-43.1')31 94Chapter 3: The Genesis of a Policed SocietyRobert M. Fogelson, Big- City Police (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 17.2 Jane's Addiction, "1 percent," Janes Addiaion (Triple X, 1987) ..3 They continue: "[AJ specific (as opposed to general) inducement is one that can be offered to oneperson while being withheld from others. A material inducement is money or some other physical'thing' to which value attaches. Nonmaterial inducements include especially the satisfaction ofhaving power or prestige, doing good, the 'fun of the game: the sense of enlarged participation inevents and a pleasant environment. A machine, like any formal organization, offers a mixture ofthese varioU5 kinds of inducements in order to get people to do what it requires. But it is distinguishedfrom other types of organization by the vety heavy emphasis it places upon specific, materialinducements and the consequent completeness and reliability of its control over behavior, which,250