Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

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Department of Justice. See UnitedStates Department of JusticeDepartment of Motor Vehicles (California),166Department of State. See United StatesDepartment of StateDerry, Ireland, 231, 232Des Moines, Iowa, 128Detroit Free Press, 117Detroit, Michigan, 6, 8, 92-93, 95,107, 117, 122, 123, 124-125, 135,141, 147, 155, 163, 164, 165, 167, 185,188, 241n.95, 268n.43, 275n.174,282n.156, 292n.80Detroit News, 117-118Detroit News Agency, 117-118,266n.90Detroit Police Dispute Panel, 125Detroit Police Officers Association(DPOA) , 123, 123-124, 275n.174Detroit Police Strike (1967), 122,147, 268n.43. See also policeunions, police political activity,and Blue PowerDeukmejian, George, 83Diallo, Amadou, 86, 87, 257n.65Dickey, Everett w., 160, 278n.64Dickson, Saskett, 182Diggs, Ira, 7Dinkins, David, 136Directorate of Information Analysisand Infrastructure Protection, 172,281n.153Dobynes, James, 99Doles, Chester James, 102Donner, Frank, 156, 157-158, 165,176, 277n.24Dore, Ronald, 140, 274n.163Dough, John, 294n.134Doyle, Frank, 169, 280n.126Doyle, Joseph P. , 80Drug Abuse Resistance Education(DARE), 204, 209Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA).See United States Drug EnforcementAgencydrug war, 82, 85, 88-89, 198, 200-203,210, 220, 251n.48, 289n.37, 289n.43,292n.83, 330n.149. See also brokenwindows theory; prostitution;Protestant ethics; public order;vice laws and Prohibition; zerotolerance,quality-of-life, andorder-maintenance policingDulaney, Marvin, 246n.65Dunn, Marvin, 8Dynamite Hill (Birmingham, Alabama),94Earle, 1. M., 128Earth First!, 169Eastern Cape Province, South Africa,299n.52Ebersold, Frederick, 151Ecumenical Ministries of Oregon, 162Edgerton, Peter, 117Edward VI, 273n.144Edwards, George, 93Egyptian Air Corps, 174eight-hour movement, 150, 153n.23Eisenhower Commission (NationalCommission on the Causes and Preventionof Violence), 189, 191, 195El Centro. See Centro, EIElder, Thomas, 241n.95Elfont, Thomas, 88Eliminate Street Crime on ResidentialThoroughfares (ESCORT), 213Ellsberg, Daniel, 164Embarcadero (San Francisco, California),115Emerson, Thomas, 161enemy combatants, 173Engel, George, 150, 151Enron, 259n.89Erickson, Doug, 141Escalated Force. See crowd controlstrategiesESCORT. See Eliminate Street Crimeon Residential ThoroughfaresEstes, Kenneth, 294n.137327
Ettor, Joseph, 112-113Everett cotton mill (Lawrence, Massachusetts),112Fagan, Alex, 274n.156Falk, Winfield, 165-166, 279n.99Farrel, Walter, 5Federal Bureau of Iovestigation(FB!), 91, 94-96, 98, 102, 103, 135,153, 154, 156, 158-160, 160, 162, 164,166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,229, 2610.136, 261n.150, 280n.126,281n.151, 287n.118, 298n.33Federal Civil Rights Commission, 164Femia, Joseph v., 271n.78Fencl, George, 170Ferry, Ronald, 174Fidanque, Dave, 171Fielden, Samuel, 150"Fifth Avenue, Uptown: A Letter FromHarlem" (Baldwin) , 6, 7firefighters and fire departments, 3,60-61, 78, 92, 94, 134, 170,275n.164, 300n.78Fireman's and Policeman's ProtectiveLeague, Los Angeles (Fi-Po) ,134, 136First District Prison tNew York, NewYork) , 70First National Bank, 156First Unitarian Church, 162Firth, Thomas, 106Fischer, Adolf, 150Fish Committee. See House SpecialCommittee to Investigate CommunistActivitiesFlorida. See individual citiesFlorida Highway Patrol, 82Fogelson, Robert, 64-65, 243n.131Food Not Bombs, 210FOPs. See Fraternal Orders of PoliceFord, Elijah, Jr., 117Forman, ]ames, 93Fort Worth Police Officers' Association,272n.l06Fort Worth, Texas, 122Fort, J eft, 159Fosdick, Raymond, 28, 107-109,254n.119Foster, James, 102Foucault, Michel, 208Fowler, Jack, 262n.190Fox, Harry G., 286n.102Foxworth, Derrick, 168France, Anatole, 106Franco, Francisco, 147Fraternal Orders of Police (FOPs),121-122, 123, 124, 138, 139, 140,267n.2, 268n.20, 275n.174Free Press (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania),163Freedom of Information Act, 173Freedom Riders, 94-95Freedom Summer, 97French Quarter (New Orleans, Louisiana),58French Revolution, 62Fresno, California, 14, 91, 200, 239n.60Frye, Marquette, 7, 9Fulton County, Arkansas, 80Fyfe, James, 243n.128Gaffison, Stephen J.. 215gangs and gang suppression, 59, 60,61, 88, 89, 102, 106, 159, 166, 198,200, 206, 210, 215, 226, 258n.78,292n.93, 294n.126, 296n.13Gardner, David, 101Gates, Daryl, 21, 88, 199, 202, 204, 219,241n.91, 289n.37Genoa, Italy, 180Georgetown, South Carolina, 43Georgetown University, 173Georgetown (Washington, D.C.), 215Georgia, 39, 72, 166. See also individualcitiesGerard, Tom, 166"Gestapo in Detroit, The" (Marshall),93Gestapo, 187Gifford, Fred, 91Giovannitti, Arturo, 112, 113Girardein, Ray, 268n.43328
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WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION BY•J O YJ
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(e) 2007 by Kristian WilliamsIntrod
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acknowledgmentsBOOKS DO Nar WRITE T
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ZSugE-
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forewordPOLICE AND POWER IN AMERICA
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1POLICE BRUTALITY IN THEORY AND PRA
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copter. Of these, ten Los Angeles P
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way of understanding the lives led
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vidual officer, perhaps it leads us
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given incident, while excessive use
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The difficulties in measuring exces
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up, a very large number of citizens
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(5) Unintentionality."[0 lffi cers
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Between 1995 and 2000, 360 cops wer
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emember that the available statisti
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even be supported by the lieutenant
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standing of those with power-those
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specialized function, and professio
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TIlere is a further advantage to th
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and frequently drunk.In 1727,Joseph
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the town, preparing elections, impr
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In fact, the first major reform of
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of personal honor. No White man sho
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stopping slaves whenever they were
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Charleston formed a City Guard in 1
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civil rather than military activity
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and Watch. This body was responsibl
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t::Uviolence, the committee argued,
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ity by policemen, dismissing thirte
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Political corruption was not new to
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3THE GENESIS OF A POLICED SOCIETYIN
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first moment, the importance of pol
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deals could be quite profitable for
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suppressing such riots. Not that th
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influence in wards where popular su
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delphia, investigated vegetable mar
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quo (that is, to protect the intere
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To the degree that industrializatio
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This analysis does not solve the pr
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well. 1I3 A more telling difference
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down. TIlls breakdown was in each c
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4COPS AND KLAN, HAND IN HANDAND THE
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tom .... A door opens outward on th
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very much like their previous statu
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tious driving, the model of the car
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statistics tell us that police arre
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fits the unit's established modus o
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Police investigators later document
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And let's not forget the enormous r
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area: they would pull up in a squad
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The Klan would meet the bus at the
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___ stoppedin terms of what the Fre
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SELMA, ALABAMA: BLOODY SUNDAYViolen
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point. The Panthers personified eve
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were killed, and ten other people w
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5THE NATURAL ENEMY OF THE WO RKING
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The practices surrounding the enfor
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lar officer's ties to the local com
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monopoly on it. Despite the continu
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troops, fifty cops from the Metropo
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and filled it with tear gas. As the
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Nine workers were arrested, charged
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the courts, and the police could be
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all health and well-being. The main
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ment retaliation, and a formal grie
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In 1912, Herman Rosenthal, a profes
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leadership. Increasingly, the polic
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struggle for status in urban Americ
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than before. But the main effect of
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The police also returned to open el
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policy. Henry Wise, the lawyer for
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the power and rewards of the upper
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found the FOP was sympathetic enoug
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whereas even the rookie patrolman s
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This process then results in a tran
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class. The police rebellion came wh
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is an obvious threat to democracy.T
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speeches, but as the evening wore o
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The Haymarket tragedy ... marked th
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154The role of the red squads furth
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Democratic Convention, and later go
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tion. Bail would be set at astronom
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tapped, then admitted that it was b
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Department's Inspectional Service D
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dissenting group, representing rela
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instructions on infiltrating and di
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convention," was scheduled to coinc
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170supposed to do that."1Z7 Another
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terrorism that covers virtually all
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In a typical case, Hady Hassan Omar
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a threat had already developed. The
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For most of that day, the police we
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the McCartby reportas a "crude and
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practical consequence of the Show o
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Such force took different forms. So
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at Rockefeller Center. Jeff Jones,
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On the tactical level, Stark notes:
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sion and brutal tactics is dangerou
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PLAYING BY THE RULESThe Negotiated
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f-;Cl.But the city council's perspe
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formalizes the strategy of violence
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Militarization ... can be defined i
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The nationwide craze for SWAT teams
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a--institution into believing that
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tiUCommon features seemed to connec
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are not difficult to discern. Mispl
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Community policing does not imply t
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.. Narcotics En forcement Area" sig
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one to the other) . lther than inve
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tubetter terms with the community o
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center . . .. I don't think there's
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urglaries"; "Biber, tell me about t
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Of course, many community policing
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in a long series of institutional s
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Rodney Stark writes, "It is vulgar
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the name of "gang suppression."I.1
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228ed civil rights workers through
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the elderly and unemployed.40 Meanw
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these clumsy efforts. All this occu
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It is tempting to try to distinguis
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sion. Underlying the search for jus
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0-'Ilr)[/)'"-l()et::01516[/) 17'"-l
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'"'i'..".,..-
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98 This grotesque overstatement ori
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140 \X'illiam Chambliss explains th
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-.0MIMMrn'"-10I¥0rn'"-1E-
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tr)"1"I.."1"rJ)00rJ)E-
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lI'1I0'"1'rJJCjg;(;:G0r...rJJb0Z18'
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252Chicago offering one of the few
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'-0l"-I..I"-rJJ>..
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..,..00I000
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o'"I0000rJlWc..?c.::o'""'rJlWf-;ozG
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2D Quoted in DonnC1", I'rotectors o
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00.-
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lr)N...INN...VJC)g;0VJE-03132333435
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00N'I
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U')
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274145 Braverman offers a clear des
Page 293 and 294: Dominance," 17.176 Smith concurs: "
Page 295 and 296: 46 Ford Fessenden and Michael Moss,
Page 297 and 298: ...t--...I00...c...CFJ00::0]:.l;.CF
Page 299 and 300: U"\..I
Page 301 and 302: 1 Eugene L Leach, "The Litcratllre
Page 303 and 304: M'"""I0000,...(fJ00::0'""(fJ1-
Page 305 and 306: 00N100a--,...(J)C)0>0-(J)E-
Page 307 and 308: (:ommunity Policing," in Victor E.
Page 309 and 310: the United Statf>" (Pittsburgh: Uni
Page 311 and 312: I'- ..NI"
Page 313 and 314: 1'5olire (Berkeley, CA: Center for
Page 315 and 316: and oppressed people suffer. The Pa
Page 317 and 318: 70 J\kl:voy and Mik,l, "Republican
Page 320 and 321: selected bibliographyI HAVE TRIED T
Page 322 and 323: This is the most readable of the hi
Page 324 and 325: INSTITUTIONALIZED BRUTALITY AND POL
Page 326 and 327: Six Sociological Essays, edited by
Page 328 and 329: Smith, Bruce. Police Systems in the
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 7: SECRET POLICE, RED SQUAD
Page 332 and 333: This collection features studies of
Page 334 and 335: Policing Consortium. NCJ 148457. Au
Page 336: Mika, Harry and Kieran McEvoy. "Res
Page 339 and 340: Andrews, Avery D., 288n.4Anthracite
Page 341 and 342: ...>< California Supreme Court, 291
Page 343: Constables of the Commonwealth(Mass
Page 347 and 348: homelessness and vagrancy (cont.)Se
Page 349 and 350: ...X "Letter from Harlem." See "Fif
Page 351 and 352: National Commission on the Causesan
Page 353 and 354: :>< Pennsylvania State Federation o
Page 355 and 356: prostitution (ca nt.)See also broke
Page 357 and 358: X Scranton Commission (President's
Page 359 and 360: :>< Ta mmany Hall, 51, 52, 55, 250n
Page 361 and 362: Weisburd, David, 243n.137Weiss, The
Page 363: Even critics have a difficult time
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