Kristian Williams - Our Enemies in Blue - Police and Power in America

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of course, account for the name 'machine.'" Edward C. Banfield and James Q. Wilson, City Politics(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and the M.l.T. Press, 1963) . 115. Emphasis in original.4 Banfield and Wilson, City Politics, 125.5 Banfield and Wilson, City Politics, 116.6 Fogelson, Big-City Police, 30.7 Raymond B. Fosdick, AmeriCfln Police Systems (New York: The Century Company, 1920),273-74.8 James F. Richardson, The New Yo rk Police: Colonial Times to 1901 (New Yo rk: Oxford UniversityPress, 1970), 175-176.9 James F. Richardson, Urban Police in the United States (Port Washingron, NY: National UniversityPress, 1974), 48.10 Richardson, Urban Police, 57-58.11 Richardson, Urban I'olice, 63.12 Fosdick, American Police Systems. 101-102 and 105.13 Richardson, Urban Police, 58-59; Fosdick, American Police Systems, 69-70.14 Richardson, New York Police, 228-229.15 Quoted in Richardson, New York Police, 230.16 Richardson, New York Police, 229.17 Richardson, Urban Police, 36.18 Roger Lane, Policing the City: Boston 1822-1885 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1967), 15-17.19 Lane, Policing the City, 60,20 Lane, Policing the City, 77-80,21 Quoted in Lane, Policing the City, 80.22 Fogelson, Big-City I'olice, 18-21.23 Fogelson, Big-City Police, 32.24 Richardson, New York Police, 182.25 Richardson, Urban Police, 56.26 Quoted in 'Xfillialll McAdoo, Guarding (/ Great City (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906), 86.27 Richardson, Urban Police, 32-33.28 Fogelson, Big- City Police, 33-34.29 Richardson. New Yo rk Police, 189.30 Charles Tilly, "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime," in Bringing the State Back,Peter B. Evans et al (Cambridge; Camhridge University Press, 1994), 170-171.31 What is property? Proudhon asked. And his answer, somewhat paradoxically: Property is theft.What is government? we ask ourselves now. And again a paradox comes in reply: Governmentis crime. For more of his Llmous argument, see Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, What Is Property? (NewYo rk; H. Fertig, 1966).32 Tilly, "War Making," 172.33 Tilly, "War Making," 181.34 Ibid.35 Allen Steinberg, The Transformation o/ Crimina/justice: Phi/adelphid, 1800--1880 (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 137.36 Steinberg, Transformation o/ Criminal justice, 136.37 Steinberg, Transformation 0/ Criminal justice, 136.38 Steinberg, Transformation o/ Criminaljustice, 145-146.39 Steinberg, Transformation 0/ Criminal justice, 148-149.40 Quoted in Steinberg. Transformation o/ Crimirlill /ustice, 149.41 Quoted in Steinberg, Transformation 0/ Criminal justice, 151.42 Steinberg, TransformatiDn 0/ Criminal justice, 151.43 Richardson, Urban Police, 25.44 Steinberg, Transformation o/ Criminaljustice, 166.45 "On the whole consolidation was, in many ways, illusory. Its success depended in large part onthe acquiescence of the same politicians whose activities it had been designed to controL ... Theprocedures of ward politics intensified with the rise of a citywide political machine. As a result, thepolice hecame closely tied to both the existing structllre of primary justice and the new structure ofurhan politics." Steinberg, Tiwlsformation o/ Criminaljustice, 171.46 Tilly, "War Making," 174-175.47 Tilly, "War Making," 174. This was not the only path to state-formation, nor does Tilly pretend thatit was. See also: Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capita!, and European States, AD 990--1990 (Cambridge,t-..1A: Basil Blackwell, 1990). But neither was the Tudor experience unique. Between 1620 and 1680the French state developed along similar lines, beginning with Richelieu. Tilly. "War Making," 174.48 The classic political machines were withering by the middle of the twentieth century, with251
252Chicago offering one of the few examples to survive into the 1960s. But even without the machines,corruption continued to be a pervasive fe ature of police departments across the country.Fogelson, Rig- Cit), Po /ice, 1 (,7-168 and 172. William Chambliss ,,,"scribes his findings: "Inmy rescnch on organized criml' in Sl'1tdc, Washington, I discovered a symbiu[ic rebtiollshipbetween organized crime and the police that made it impossible to differentiate between them.Law enforcement officers, from street patrolmen to police chiefs to members of the proseclltingattoflley" office, not only accepted payotfs frolll people who organized illegal gambling, prostitution,and drug sales, but the police and prosecutors were instrumental in organizing and managingthese activities. Scat tie is not the exception, it is the rule." William J. Chamhliss, Power,/'u/itics, rlnr! Crime (Boulder, co: Westview Press, 1999), 1.)6. The mid- and Iate- 1990s saw awave of corruption scandals, most notably in Los Angeles, Miami, Philadelphia, Chicago, andNew Orleans-but also in smaller cities like Rochester and Cleveland. Ofllcers were convictedof charges rdating 10 hrutality, theft, planting evidence, drug traHlcking, extortion, and murder.ec, t'H example: Amnesty Imcrnational USA, Vll itcd Stllics o/Alllait/l: Rig/w jil ( All (New Yo rk:Amnesty International. 1998), 2:l; Human Rights Watch, Shielrlcd from Justire: Polire Bruta/ityfind Acc(llItI"dJilit)' ill the Unital Stiltes (New York: Hum,lI1 Righb \Vatch, 1 ')')R). 36, 164-165,2'i9-260; and Chamhliss, i'll/Ocr. Po/itics, lind Crime, U6-.l7.49 Philadelphia t'lilowed the same path as London, where "in 1829 ... local ofIicials helped transferpower to the centre, hecoming consumers of a government service instead of providers." ElaineA. Reynolds, Bej())'{' II,I' Bobhies: n){, Night 1X'litch fllld Polire /?,form ill Jl1etro/,ulittlr/ Londo ll,1720-1830 (Stanf(Hd, CA: Stant(lfJ University Press, 1 ')98), 6.')0 "Because the police organization's structure cast its net over the whole city, an unintended consequenceor the adaptation of t he semi-military model or cornmunicarion meant char the policeended up with access to and coordinating power over the city's daily operations not achieveduntil the twentieth century hy other parts of the city government." Eric H. Monkkonen, j'o/iceill Urhiln /lit/trim, lR60- 1 920 (Cambridge: Camhridge University Press, 1 ')8 1 ) , 15')- 1 (;0.51 Reynolds, l!tjiirf the Bobbies, 21-22.52 Quoted in Selden Daskan Bacon, "The Early Development of rhe American Municipal Po lice: ASmdy of the Evolution of formal Controls in a Clunging Society, vol. 2." (PhD diss., Yale University,193
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WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION BY•J O YJ
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(e) 2007 by Kristian WilliamsIntrod
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acknowledgmentsBOOKS DO Nar WRITE T
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ZSugE-
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forewordPOLICE AND POWER IN AMERICA
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1POLICE BRUTALITY IN THEORY AND PRA
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copter. Of these, ten Los Angeles P
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way of understanding the lives led
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vidual officer, perhaps it leads us
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given incident, while excessive use
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The difficulties in measuring exces
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up, a very large number of citizens
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(5) Unintentionality."[0 lffi cers
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Between 1995 and 2000, 360 cops wer
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emember that the available statisti
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even be supported by the lieutenant
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standing of those with power-those
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specialized function, and professio
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TIlere is a further advantage to th
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and frequently drunk.In 1727,Joseph
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the town, preparing elections, impr
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In fact, the first major reform of
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of personal honor. No White man sho
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stopping slaves whenever they were
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Charleston formed a City Guard in 1
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civil rather than military activity
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and Watch. This body was responsibl
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t::Uviolence, the committee argued,
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ity by policemen, dismissing thirte
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Political corruption was not new to
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3THE GENESIS OF A POLICED SOCIETYIN
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first moment, the importance of pol
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deals could be quite profitable for
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suppressing such riots. Not that th
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influence in wards where popular su
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delphia, investigated vegetable mar
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quo (that is, to protect the intere
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To the degree that industrializatio
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This analysis does not solve the pr
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well. 1I3 A more telling difference
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down. TIlls breakdown was in each c
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4COPS AND KLAN, HAND IN HANDAND THE
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tom .... A door opens outward on th
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very much like their previous statu
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tious driving, the model of the car
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statistics tell us that police arre
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fits the unit's established modus o
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Police investigators later document
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And let's not forget the enormous r
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area: they would pull up in a squad
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The Klan would meet the bus at the
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___ stoppedin terms of what the Fre
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SELMA, ALABAMA: BLOODY SUNDAYViolen
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point. The Panthers personified eve
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were killed, and ten other people w
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5THE NATURAL ENEMY OF THE WO RKING
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The practices surrounding the enfor
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lar officer's ties to the local com
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monopoly on it. Despite the continu
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troops, fifty cops from the Metropo
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and filled it with tear gas. As the
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Nine workers were arrested, charged
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the courts, and the police could be
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all health and well-being. The main
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ment retaliation, and a formal grie
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In 1912, Herman Rosenthal, a profes
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leadership. Increasingly, the polic
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struggle for status in urban Americ
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than before. But the main effect of
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The police also returned to open el
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policy. Henry Wise, the lawyer for
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the power and rewards of the upper
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found the FOP was sympathetic enoug
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whereas even the rookie patrolman s
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This process then results in a tran
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class. The police rebellion came wh
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is an obvious threat to democracy.T
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speeches, but as the evening wore o
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The Haymarket tragedy ... marked th
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154The role of the red squads furth
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Democratic Convention, and later go
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tion. Bail would be set at astronom
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tapped, then admitted that it was b
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Department's Inspectional Service D
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dissenting group, representing rela
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instructions on infiltrating and di
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convention," was scheduled to coinc
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170supposed to do that."1Z7 Another
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terrorism that covers virtually all
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In a typical case, Hady Hassan Omar
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a threat had already developed. The
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For most of that day, the police we
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the McCartby reportas a "crude and
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practical consequence of the Show o
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Such force took different forms. So
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at Rockefeller Center. Jeff Jones,
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On the tactical level, Stark notes:
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sion and brutal tactics is dangerou
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PLAYING BY THE RULESThe Negotiated
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f-;Cl.But the city council's perspe
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formalizes the strategy of violence
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Militarization ... can be defined i
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Page 225 and 226: Community policing does not imply t
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Page 229 and 230: one to the other) . lther than inve
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Page 235 and 236: urglaries"; "Biber, tell me about t
Page 237 and 238: Of course, many community policing
Page 239 and 240: in a long series of institutional s
Page 241 and 242: Rodney Stark writes, "It is vulgar
Page 243 and 244: the name of "gang suppression."I.1
Page 245 and 246: 228ed civil rights workers through
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Page 249 and 250: these clumsy efforts. All this occu
Page 251 and 252: It is tempting to try to distinguis
Page 253 and 254: sion. Underlying the search for jus
Page 255 and 256: 0-'Ilr)[/)'"-l()et::01516[/) 17'"-l
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Page 259 and 260: 98 This grotesque overstatement ori
Page 261 and 262: 140 \X'illiam Chambliss explains th
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Page 267: lI'1I0'"1'rJJCjg;(;:G0r...rJJb0Z18'
Page 271 and 272: '-0l"-I..I"-rJJ>..
Page 273 and 274: ..,..00I000
Page 275 and 276: o'"I0000rJlWc..?c.::o'""'rJlWf-;ozG
Page 277 and 278: -.cC1'IO'lC1'rJJ'-'0::0f,.1.,rJJf-
Page 279 and 280: M0,...I00,...rJJC)0rJJ1-
Page 281 and 282: 2D Quoted in DonnC1", I'rotectors o
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Page 285 and 286: lr)N...INN...VJC)g;0VJE-03132333435
Page 287 and 288: 00N'I
Page 289 and 290: U')
Page 291 and 292: 274145 Braverman offers a clear des
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Page 295 and 296: 46 Ford Fessenden and Michael Moss,
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Page 299 and 300: U"\..I
Page 301 and 302: 1 Eugene L Leach, "The Litcratllre
Page 303 and 304: M'"""I0000,...(fJ00::0'""(fJ1-
Page 305 and 306: 00N100a--,...(J)C)0>0-(J)E-
Page 307 and 308: (:ommunity Policing," in Victor E.
Page 309 and 310: the United Statf>" (Pittsburgh: Uni
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Page 313 and 314: 1'5olire (Berkeley, CA: Center for
Page 315 and 316: and oppressed people suffer. The Pa
Page 317 and 318: 70 J\kl:voy and Mik,l, "Republican
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selected bibliographyI HAVE TRIED T
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This is the most readable of the hi
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INSTITUTIONALIZED BRUTALITY AND POL
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Six Sociological Essays, edited by
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Smith, Bruce. Police Systems in the
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CHAPTER 7: SECRET POLICE, RED SQUAD
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This collection features studies of
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Policing Consortium. NCJ 148457. Au
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Mika, Harry and Kieran McEvoy. "Res
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Andrews, Avery D., 288n.4Anthracite
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...>< California Supreme Court, 291
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Constables of the Commonwealth(Mass
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Ettor, Joseph, 112-113Everett cotto
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homelessness and vagrancy (cont.)Se
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...X "Letter from Harlem." See "Fif
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National Commission on the Causesan
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:>< Pennsylvania State Federation o
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prostitution (ca nt.)See also broke
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X Scranton Commission (President's
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:>< Ta mmany Hall, 51, 52, 55, 250n
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Weisburd, David, 243n.137Weiss, The
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Even critics have a difficult time
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