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Chapter 5: Fundamental Operating Systems 127■■■■■■Create user accountsComplete the installationDescribe custom installation optionsIdentify the boot sequence files and registry filesDescribe how to manipulate operating system filesDescribe directory structuresIdentify Hard Drive Setup ProceduresThe installation and initial booting of the operating system is called the operating systemsetup. Although it is possible to install an operating system over a network from a server orfrom a local hard drive, the most common installation method is with CDs and DVDs. Toinstall an OS from a CD or DVD, first configure the BIOS setup to boot the system fromthe CD or DVD.Partitioning and FormattingBefore installing an operating system on a hard drive, the hard drive must be partitionedand formatted. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is logically divided into one or moreareas. When a hard drive is formatted, the partitions are prepared to hold files and applications.During the installation phase, most operating systems automatically partition and formatthe hard drive. A technician should understand the process relating to hard drive setup.The following terms are used when referring to hard drive setup:■■■■■■■Primary partition: This partition is usually the first partition. A primary partition cannotbe subdivided into smaller sections. There can be up to four partitions per harddrive.Active partition: This partition is the partition used by the operating system to boot thecomputer. Only one primary partition can be marked active.Extended partition: This partition normally uses the remaining free space on a harddrive or takes the place of a primary partition. There can be only one extended partitionper hard drive, and it can be subdivided into smaller sections called logical drives.Logical drive: This drive is a section of an extended partition that can be used to separateinformation for administrative purposes.Formatting: This process prepares a file system in a partition for files to be stored.Cluster: A cluster is also called a file allocation unit. It is the smallest unit of spaceused for storing data.Track: A track is one complete circle of data on one side of a hard drive platter. A trackis broken into groups of 512 bytes, called sectors.
128 IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software Companion Guide■■Cylinder: A cylinder is a stack of tracks lined up one on top of another to form a cylindershape.Drive mapping: Drive mapping is a letter assigned to a physical or logical drive.Figure 5-5 shows how the different parts of a hard drive correspond.Figure 5-5Hard Drive AccessPlatterSpindleRead/Write HeadActuator ArmActuatorActuator AxisRibbon CableMini PCBTrackSectorPlatter/DisksIntersectorGapHeaderDataTrailerIntertrackGapSynchronizationInformationError CorrectingCode (ECC)Prepare Hard DriveA clean installation of an operating system proceeds as if the disk were brand new; there isno attempt to preserve any information that is currently on the hard drive. The first phase ofthe installation process entails partitioning and formatting the hard drive. This process preparesthe disk to accept the file system. The file system provides the directory structure thatorganizes the user’s operating system, application, configuration, and data files.
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iiiTrademark AcknowledgmentsAll ter
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vAbout the Technical ReviewersDavid
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ixIdentify the Names, Purposes, and
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CHAPTER 1Introduction to the Person
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CHAPTER 7Fundamental Printers and S
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CHAPTER 13Advanced Laptops and Port
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GlossaryThis glossary defines many
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ase station 3AppleTalk A protocol s
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CMOS battery 5bus topology A networ
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desktop computer 7crosstalk Interfe
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dynamic routing 9Domain Name System
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floppy data cable 11FFast Ethernet
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