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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Personal Computer 39Figure 1-23All-in-One PrinterSpeakers and HeadphonesSpeakers and headphones, shown in Figure 1-24, are output devices for audio signals. Mostcomputers have audio support either integrated into the motherboard or on an adapter card.Audio support includes ports that allow input and output of audio signals. The audio cardhas an amplifier to power headphones and external speakers.Figure 1-24Speakers and Headphones
40 IT Essentials: PC Harware and Software Companion GuideExplain System Resources and Their PurposesSystem resources are used for communication between the CPU and other components in acomputer. The three common system resources are■■■Interrupt requests (IRQ)I/O port addressesDirect Memory Access (DMA)The following sections describe these system resources in greater detail.Interrupt RequestsComputer components use interrupt requests (IRQ) to request information from the CPU.The IRQ travels along a wire on the motherboard to the CPU. When the CPU receives aninterrupt request, it determines how to fulfill this request. The priority of the request isdetermined by the IRQ number assigned to that computer component. Older computers hadonly eight IRQs to assign to devices. Newer computers have 16 IRQs, which are numbered0 to 15, as shown in Table 1-10. As a general rule, each component in the computer must beassigned a unique IRQ. IRQ conflicts can cause components to stop functioning and evencause the computer to crash. With the numerous components that can be installed in a computer,it is difficult to assign a unique IRQ to every component. Today, most IRQ numbersare assigned automatically with “plug-and-play” operating systems and the implementationof PCI slots, USB ports, and FireWire ports.Table 1-10IRQIRQ 0IRQ 1IRQ 2IRQ 3IRQ 4IRQ 5IRQ 6IRQ 7IRQ 8IRQ 9Interrupt Requests (IRQ)DescriptionSystem timer. Reserved for the system. The user cannot change it.Keyboard. Reserved for the system. Cannot be altered, even if no keyboard ispresent or needed.Second IRQ controller.COM 2 (default), COM 4 (user).COM 1 (default), COM 3 (user).Sound card (Sound Blaster Pro or later) or LPT2 (user).Floppy disk controller.LPT1 (parallel port) or sound card (8-bit Sound Blaster and compatible).Real-time clock.ACPI SCSI or ISA MPU-401.
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iiiTrademark AcknowledgmentsAll ter
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vAbout the Technical ReviewersDavid
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ixIdentify the Names, Purposes, and
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CHAPTER 5Fundamental Operating Syst
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CHAPTER 7Fundamental Printers and S
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CHAPTER 13Advanced Laptops and Port
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CHAPTER 14Advanced Printers and Sca
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CHAPTER 15Advanced NetworksObjectiv
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GlossaryThis glossary defines many
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ase station 3AppleTalk A protocol s
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CMOS battery 5bus topology A networ
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desktop computer 7crosstalk Interfe
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dynamic routing 9Domain Name System
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floppy data cable 11FFast Ethernet
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IEEE 802.11 13Hardware Compatibilit
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Regedit 23Printer Control Language
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three-claw part retriever 27surge s
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virtual memory 29Uninterruptible Po
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zero insertion force (ZIF) socket 3
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