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Figure 4.2 Common Elements of Effective CertificationTracking SystemsBody Action ResultStandard-settingbodyStandard settingProductcertificationstandardAccreditedcertificationbodyAssessment ofproductmanagementVerification ofchain of custodyProductcertificateCertificate ofchain ofcustodyAccredited label,tamper-proofidentifying markor certificateaccompanies/attached toproduct at allstages of chainof supplyIndependentthird-partyauditorAssessment ofcompliance withscheme andassociated lawsat all stagesAccountability;noncomplianceand otherproblemsidentifiedGovernment ofcountry oforigin (export)Reform of lawsand regulationsrelated toindustryMore-effectivelaw enforcementProductdifferentiatedin market asbeing fromaccredited,legitimatesourceCooperativeagreements withother countries inchain of supplyStreamlinedprocedures;enhancedmonitoringGovernmentof importReform of lawsregulatingimportation;capacity buildingof customsauthoritiesBetteridentificationof certifiedproductsCentraldata-gatheringbodyCollection andanalysis ofdata on exports,imports, values,and other factorsalong chain ofsupplyDatabase ofinformationavailablefor thoroughcommoditytracking113
114 crossin, hayman, and taylorof production, which should imply legality as well. The main point ofthe system is that use of the MSC logo is permitted only where therehas been independent verification that the product originated from anMSC-certified fishery. A chain-of-custody certificate provides this verification.The chain-of-custody certifier requests documentation relatingto that supply chain and usually visits randomly one or morepoints in the supply chain to verify the product stream. A certifier mustconsider all parts of the supply chain (from fishing vessel to end consumer)when assessing the supply chain against the MSC standard.The costs of certification are agreed between the certifier and the clientand depend on the size and complexity of the supply chain.The importance of closely following a commodity through eachstage is acknowledged in the timber certification system set up by theForest Stewardship Council (FSC). Under the FSC scheme, labeledoperations must have “forest management certification,” which impliesthat harvesting activities are sustainable and legal, and “wood productcertification,” which demonstrates that independent chain-of-custodyprocedures have tracked the wood harvested in certified foreststhrough all stages of their transport, processing, and marketing. FSCis the only international timber certification scheme to require suchchain-of-custody certification explicitly. Figure 4.3 illustrates the mainstages of production covered by the FSC scheme.Swiss logistics company SGS is promoting the establishment of asystem of independent validation of legal timber based on the conceptof independent monitoring and verification of land-use changes, timberflows, and resource management. This could lead to sustainability certificationlike that of the FSC, but it does not have to and can be usedsimply to demonstrate that production is legal and licensed. Box 4.1explains the main components of the system. Steps 1 and 2, whichwould be compulsory, provide the independent validation of legaltimber, whereas step 3 is voluntary and would provide a certificate ofsustainable forest management.Labeling as Laundering. Trade-permitting systems themselves areprone to fraud and, if drafted without due care, may serve more as alaundering facility than as an effective check on contraband. Lack ofpolitical will, bureaucratic inertia, limited information, and corruptionare common problems in many government departments; hence, withoutseparate checks, there is the danger that any marking or labelingsystem will simply create a better and more effective method of launderingcontraband.CITES has perhaps the most complex administrative and permittingsystem of the various CTRs, and this has provided many opportunitiesto subvert and abuse agreed controls. Mismanagement of the
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedOptions
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Natural Resourcesand ViolentConflic
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ContentsPrefaceContributorsAcronyms
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PrefaceRECENT RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN B
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prefacexiespecially Nicholas Stern,
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xivcontributorsSylviane Guillaumont
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Acronyms and AbbreviationsAUCCCAMLR
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chapter 1Natural Resources andConfl
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natural resources and conflict 3Fig
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natural resources and conflict 5rig
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natural resources and conflict 7War
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natural resources and conflict 9pro
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natural resources and conflict 11ag
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natural resources and conflict 13ar
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natural resources and conflict 15re
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chapter 2The Natural Resource Curse
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20 michael rossEconomic GrowthIt ma
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22 michael ross12 of the 20 as “h
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24 michael rossvolatile than the pr
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26 michael rossby the military, giv
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28 michael rosswars in regions that
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30 michael rossIncrease Transparenc
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32 michael ross• InSierra Leone i
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34 michael rossgroups have also tur
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36 michael rossgenerate extraordina
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38 michael rossand arms to the Nati
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40 michael rossHegre, Håvard. 2002
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42 michael rossRelation to Sierra L
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44 swanson, oldgard, and lundemeani
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46 swanson, oldgard, and lunde(U.K.
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48 swanson, oldgard, and lunderesou
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50 swanson, oldgard, and lundeinfor
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52 swanson, oldgard, and lundeon of
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54 swanson, oldgard, and lundeFund
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56 swanson, oldgard, and lundecompa
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58 swanson, oldgard, and lundeSimil
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60 swanson, oldgard, and lundeThe f
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Page 135 and 136: 116 crossin, hayman, and taylorBox
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Page 139 and 140: 120Table 4.2 Forest Product Monitor
Page 141 and 142: 122Table 4.2 (continued)Technology
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Page 180 and 181: chapter 5Follow the Money: The Fina
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follow the money 163existing standa
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follow the money 165various institu
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follow the money 167portion of the
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follow the money 169funded their wa
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follow the money 171• Use undergr
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follow the money 173EmbargoesAn ong
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follow the money 175violating secto
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follow the money 177category. Howev
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follow the money 179of weapons and
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follow the money 181in June 2002 by
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follow the money 183The resolution
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follow the money 185• Enter into
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follow the money 187to establish th
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follow the money 189in general, not
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follow the money 191Current capacit
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follow the money 193laundering and
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follow the money 195system and law
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follow the money 197lawful purpose,
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follow the money 199in criminal mat
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follow the money 201Canada, Germany
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follow the money 203means that the
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follow the money 205the wholesale o
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follow the money 207Prior to the Se
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follow the money 2092. Current memb
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follow the money 211of all firearms
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follow the money 213“Four Compani
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chapter 6Getting It Done: Instrumen
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getting it done 217objective of end
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getting it done 219Fourth, under ce
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getting it done 221The proliferatio
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getting it done 223Mandatory and vo
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Table 6.1 Overview of International
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227CertificationregimesKimberleyCer
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getting it done 229instruments, and
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getting it done 231recently been en
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getting it done 233$500 million. 8
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getting it done 235The argument tha
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getting it done 237legislation and
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getting it done 239Many observers a
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getting it done 241International Le
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getting it done 243panels could pro
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getting it done 245international ro
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getting it done 247scheme is now ir
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getting it done 249of forest resour
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getting it done 251standing and com
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getting it done 253peace agreements
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getting it done 2551997 and 2001 (
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getting it done 257themselves with
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getting it done 259Box 6.3 Mandator
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getting it done 261agencies, and ci
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getting it done 263enterprises coul
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getting it done 265ethical investme
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getting it done 267Advocacy groups
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getting it done 269principles, with
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getting it done 271more sexy than l
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getting it done 273to focus the att
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getting it done 275Given that it de
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getting it done 277The assessments
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getting it done 27925. See www.inte
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getting it done 281ReferencesThe wo
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getting it done 283Harden, Blain. 2
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getting it done 285Africa: Assessin
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chapter 7Attracting Reputable Compa
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attracting reputable companies 289h
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attracting reputable companies 291i
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attracting reputable companies 293b
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attracting reputable companies 295t
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attracting reputable companies 297T
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attracting reputable companies 301S
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attracting reputable companies 303h
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attracting reputable companies 307o
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attracting reputable companies 315e
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attracting reputable companies 317I
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attracting reputable companies 321i
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attracting reputable companies 325$
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attracting reputable companies 327
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attracting reputable companies 329m
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attracting reputable companies 331t
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attracting reputable companies 333L
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attracting reputable companies 335a
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attracting reputable companies 337N
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attracting reputable companies 343s
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attracting reputable companies 345a
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attracting reputable companies 347G
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attracting reputable companies 349W
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attracting reputable companies 351A
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chapter 8Dampening Price ShocksPatr
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dampening price shocks 355in lower
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dampening price shocks 357the agree
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dampening price shocks 359common re
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dampening price shocks 361flexibili
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dampening price shocks 363create a
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dampening price shocks 365different
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dampening price shocks 367———
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370 indexand Pakistan, 170; possibl
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372 index“Dutch disease,” 82; r
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374 indexeconomic rationale for, 34
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376 indexor regional arrangements,
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378 indexstandards and norms, 172,1
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380 indexEmbargoes: and black marke
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382 indexRUF-controlled areas in Si
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384 indexForest Law Enforcement and
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386 indexGreater Nile Petroleum Ope
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388 indexInformation technology:
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390 indexand reputation, 294-97; mi
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392 indexLiberia audit its use of r
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394 indexMorley Fund Management:inv
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396 indexOffice of the High Commiss
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398 indexPolicy recommendations for
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400 indexnatural resource revenues,
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402 indexSri Lanka: double agenda o
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404 indexover-allocation of logging
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406 index156-57 n7; pilot program t
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408 indexWal-Mart: child labor rest
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Violent conflict can spell catastro
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