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index 401and Pipeline Project, 345; partnershipwith Living Earth, 321Royal Institute of InternationalAffairs: investment study, 294Rubber: rebel group financing, 31,280 n64Rubies: rebel group financing, 31RUF. See Revolutionary United FrontRwanda: and African TradeInsurance Agency, 325; coltanexploitation, 200Samaritan’s Purse: activities inSudan, 337Sankoh, Foday: rearming ofmovement, 253Saro-Wiwa, Ken: execution of, 294,315–16Sassou-Nguesso, Denis: privatemilitia funding, 33Save the Children Fund: activities inSudan, 337Savimbi, Jonas: killing of, 236Scandinavia: anticorruptioninitiatives, 320. See also specificcountriesSerbia: and embargo effect onMilosevic’s regime, 173–74;Multilateral InvestmentGuarantee Agency’s role inpromoting investment in, 324SGS: independent monitoringservices, 116–17, 118; timbercertification system, 114, 116–17Shell Petroleum DevelopmentCompany: Brent Spar offshoreinstallation, 294, 299; humanrights commitment, 304; Nigeria’smajority ownership of, 321;People, Planet, and Profitsreport, 297; U.S.-U.K. VoluntaryPrinciples on Security andHuman Rights participant,348–49 n29Shrimp-turtle dispute, 144–45Sierra Leone: booty futures, 33, 35;corrupt government link to civilwar, 26; diamond certificationscheme, 158 n23, 246; diamondresources, 4, 11; double agendaof peace transition and rearmament,253; intensification offighting over the best diamondareas, 217; newspaper articlealleging links between diamondsfrom RUF-controlled areas inSierra Leone and the Al-Qaedaterrorist network, 270; rebelgroup financing, 32, 169;Report of the Panel of ExpertsConcerning, 253, 279 n38;UN Mission mandate, 233.See also Revolutionary UnitedFrontSocial responsibility of corporations:link to risk management, 297;local community links, 297; scopeand impact of, 297; sociallyresponsible investment, 303–4SOFAR. See State Oil Fund for theAzerbaijan RepublicSoftware. See Information technologySoros, George. See Global Witness;Publish What You Pay campaignSoros Foundation: and CaspianRevenue Watch, 64, 84South Africa: apartheid regime’spolicy of destabilizing neighboringstates, 142–43; diamond exploitation,174; and embargo effect onapartheid, 173; EndangeredSpecies Enforcement Unit, 128;Industrial DevelopmentCorporation’s involvement in theMozal aluminum smelter project,324; Truth and ReconciliationCommittee, 158 n21Southern African Regional PoliceChiefs Cooperation Organization:Agreement on Co-operations andMutual Assistance in the Field ofCrime Combating, 243Soviet Union. See Former SovietUnion
402 indexSri Lanka: double agenda of peacetransition and rearmament, 253;Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,170, 204; relationship betweenterrorists and organizedcrime, 168Stabex: and automaticity, 359; andthe Cotonou agreement, 359–60;description, 10, 358Stabilization funds, 53–54, 357State Oil Fund for the AzerbaijanRepublic: amount of revenuereceived, 84; description, 84; and“Dutch disease,” 84; independentaudit requirement, 86; laxity ofexpenditure rules, 86; lines ofaccountability, 85; World Bankand IMF role in setting up, 84Stockholm Convention on PersistentOrganic Pollutants: overlappingreporting requirements, 108;pilot programs to streamlineinformation, 109; provisions toassist developing states meetreporting and enforcementstandards, 132Stock listings and exchanges:activist shareholders and sociallyresponsible investment, 303–4;brokers who specialize in the“dirty work” of obtainingresource concessions, 265;corporate codes and stockexchange regulations, 302–3;disclosure levels, 264; Dow JonesSustainability Index, 265;FSTE4Good Index of ethicalcompanies, 265, 304; and PublishWhat You Pay campaign, 50–51,76, 265Sudan: campaign against internationaloil companies, 338;civil war, 334, 335–36; andeconomic supervision, 255;Inter-Governmental Authority onDevelopment peace process, 336;international consortia activein, 335; issues in common withMyanmar, 340; Khartoumgovernment in, 336–37;Machakos protocol, 336;and nongovernmental organizations,337; oil companies’responsibilities toward thegovernment, 338; oil development,337; opportunities in, 335;questions for the future, 340;rebel group financing, 33; recentgovernance problems relatedto resource revenue, 90 n2;reputation concerns for internationalcompanies, 296; SudanPeople’s Liberation Army (SPLA),29, 336; Talisman Energy’sinvestment in, 300–301, 305,327, 335, 338–40Sudan Focal Point, 337Sudapet: oil consortiummember, 335Sullivan, Reverend Leon: rolein advising U.S. companies,348–49 n15Sustainable development. See Globale-Sustainability Initiative; Mining,Minerals, and SustainableDevelopment ProjectSwitzerland: judicial proceedingsagainst individuals dealing inconflict commodities, 240SYSMIN: and automaticity,366 n1Talisman Energy: Corporate SocialResponsibility 2001, 339;example of social awareness ofjunior companies, 300–301, 305;investment in Sudan, 300–301,305, 327, 335, 338–40; andONGC Videsh, 327, 335,338–40Tantalum-niobium InternationalStudy Center, 267Tanzania: and African TradeInsurance Agency, 325; Denmark’s
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedOptions
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Natural Resourcesand ViolentConflic
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ContentsPrefaceContributorsAcronyms
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PrefaceRECENT RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN B
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prefacexiespecially Nicholas Stern,
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xivcontributorsSylviane Guillaumont
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Acronyms and AbbreviationsAUCCCAMLR
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chapter 1Natural Resources andConfl
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natural resources and conflict 3Fig
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natural resources and conflict 5rig
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natural resources and conflict 7War
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natural resources and conflict 9pro
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natural resources and conflict 11ag
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natural resources and conflict 13ar
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natural resources and conflict 15re
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chapter 2The Natural Resource Curse
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20 michael rossEconomic GrowthIt ma
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22 michael ross12 of the 20 as “h
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24 michael rossvolatile than the pr
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26 michael rossby the military, giv
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28 michael rosswars in regions that
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30 michael rossIncrease Transparenc
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32 michael ross• InSierra Leone i
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34 michael rossgroups have also tur
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36 michael rossgenerate extraordina
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38 michael rossand arms to the Nati
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40 michael rossHegre, Håvard. 2002
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42 michael rossRelation to Sierra L
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44 swanson, oldgard, and lundemeani
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46 swanson, oldgard, and lunde(U.K.
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48 swanson, oldgard, and lunderesou
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88 swanson, oldgard, and lundeleast
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92 swanson, oldgard, and lunde27. S
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94 swanson, oldgard, and lunde—
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96 swanson, oldgard, and lunde—
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98 crossin, hayman, and taylorThere
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100 crossin, hayman, and taylorTabl
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102 crossin, hayman, and taylor•
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104 crossin, hayman, and taylorThus
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106 crossin, hayman, and taylorCTRs
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110 crossin, hayman, and taylorto h
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112 crossin, hayman, and taylorCert
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116 crossin, hayman, and taylorBox
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118 crossin, hayman, and taylorA la
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120Table 4.2 Forest Product Monitor
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122Table 4.2 (continued)Technology
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124 crossin, hayman, and taylorthat
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126 crossin, hayman, and taylorprov
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130 crossin, hayman, and taylorinte
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132 crossin, hayman, and taylorThe
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134 crossin, hayman, and taylorMixi
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136 crossin, hayman, and taylorsmug
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140 crossin, hayman, and taylorlabe
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146 crossin, hayman, and taylorcomm
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chapter 5Follow the Money: The Fina
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follow the money 163existing standa
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follow the money 165various institu
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follow the money 167portion of the
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follow the money 169funded their wa
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follow the money 171• Use undergr
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follow the money 173EmbargoesAn ong
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follow the money 175violating secto
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follow the money 177category. Howev
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follow the money 179of weapons and
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follow the money 181in June 2002 by
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follow the money 183The resolution
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follow the money 185• Enter into
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follow the money 187to establish th
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follow the money 189in general, not
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follow the money 191Current capacit
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follow the money 193laundering and
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follow the money 195system and law
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follow the money 197lawful purpose,
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follow the money 199in criminal mat
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follow the money 201Canada, Germany
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follow the money 203means that the
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follow the money 205the wholesale o
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follow the money 207Prior to the Se
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follow the money 2092. Current memb
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follow the money 211of all firearms
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follow the money 213“Four Compani
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chapter 6Getting It Done: Instrumen
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getting it done 217objective of end
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getting it done 219Fourth, under ce
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getting it done 221The proliferatio
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getting it done 223Mandatory and vo
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Table 6.1 Overview of International
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227CertificationregimesKimberleyCer
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getting it done 229instruments, and
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getting it done 231recently been en
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getting it done 233$500 million. 8
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getting it done 235The argument tha
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getting it done 237legislation and
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getting it done 239Many observers a
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getting it done 241International Le
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getting it done 243panels could pro
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getting it done 245international ro
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getting it done 247scheme is now ir
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getting it done 249of forest resour
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getting it done 251standing and com
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getting it done 253peace agreements
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getting it done 2551997 and 2001 (
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getting it done 257themselves with
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getting it done 259Box 6.3 Mandator
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getting it done 261agencies, and ci
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getting it done 263enterprises coul
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getting it done 265ethical investme
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getting it done 267Advocacy groups
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getting it done 269principles, with
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getting it done 271more sexy than l
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getting it done 273to focus the att
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getting it done 275Given that it de
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getting it done 277The assessments
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getting it done 27925. See www.inte
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getting it done 281ReferencesThe wo
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getting it done 283Harden, Blain. 2
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getting it done 285Africa: Assessin
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chapter 7Attracting Reputable Compa
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attracting reputable companies 289h
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attracting reputable companies 291i
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attracting reputable companies 293b
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attracting reputable companies 295t
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attracting reputable companies 297T
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attracting reputable companies 301S
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attracting reputable companies 303h
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attracting reputable companies 307o
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attracting reputable companies 315e
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attracting reputable companies 317I
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attracting reputable companies 321i
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attracting reputable companies 325$
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attracting reputable companies 327
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attracting reputable companies 329m
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attracting reputable companies 331t
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attracting reputable companies 333L
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attracting reputable companies 335a
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attracting reputable companies 337N
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attracting reputable companies 343s
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attracting reputable companies 345a
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attracting reputable companies 347G
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attracting reputable companies 349W
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Page 389 and 390: 370 indexand Pakistan, 170; possibl
Page 391 and 392: 372 index“Dutch disease,” 82; r
Page 393 and 394: 374 indexeconomic rationale for, 34
Page 395 and 396: 376 indexor regional arrangements,
Page 397 and 398: 378 indexstandards and norms, 172,1
Page 399 and 400: 380 indexEmbargoes: and black marke
Page 401 and 402: 382 indexRUF-controlled areas in Si
Page 403 and 404: 384 indexForest Law Enforcement and
Page 405 and 406: 386 indexGreater Nile Petroleum Ope
Page 407 and 408: 388 indexInformation technology:
Page 409 and 410: 390 indexand reputation, 294-97; mi
Page 411 and 412: 392 indexLiberia audit its use of r
Page 413 and 414: 394 indexMorley Fund Management:inv
Page 415 and 416: 396 indexOffice of the High Commiss
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Page 423 and 424: 404 indexover-allocation of logging
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Page 427 and 428: 408 indexWal-Mart: child labor rest
Page 429: Violent conflict can spell catastro
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