Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

index 383international administrativecooperation, 198; internationalcooperation in confiscation,mutual assistance, andextradition, 198; internationalinitiatives, 161–62; internationaloversight coordination, 200;interrelation of exploiters,165–66; labeling of theorigination point of products,195; laundering techniques, 169;legitimate resource extractiondefinition, 166; literature on therelationship between resourceabuse and conflict, 164; measuresto cope with the problem ofcountries with no or insufficientanti–money laundering measures,196–97; “naming and shaming”initiatives, 162, 189–90, 267;need for an internationalframework covering the sale ofnatural resources used in conflictor accompanied by seriouscorruption, 191–92; privatesector seal initiatives, 162,186–89; prompt reporting ofsuspicious activities, 196;rebel groups financed by illicitcommodities, 168–69; rebelgroups’ relationship withorganized criminals, 168;recommendations, 195–200;record maintenance, 196; role ofindividual firms in combatingillicit commodities, 195; andself-regulatory organizations, 162;strengthening of internationalcooperation, 197–200; tools togenerate illicit proceeds, 170;tools to layer illicit proceeds inorder to hide their actualownership, 170–71; tools toreinvest, use, or expend illicitproceeds, 171; types of entitiesexploiting illicit commodities,167–70Firearms: certification programs,178–79; disagreement on thedefinition of “small arms,” 104;and embargoes, 174; trackingsystem to trace, 103; UnitedNations Protocol against theIllicit Manufacturing of andTrafficking in Firearms, TheirParts and Components, andAmmunition, 178, 192, 242–43,278 n24Fishing industry: fisheries conservationtreaty schemes to detect andsanction reflagged vessels, 126;and “freedom of the high seas,”140; India, Malaysia, Pakistan,Thailand, and United Statesshrimp-turtle dispute, 144–45;market-driven labeling schemes,112, 114; Mexico and UnitedStates tuna-dolphin dispute, 144;U.S. custom code for thePatagonian toothfish (Chileansea bass), 110FLEG. See Forest Law Enforcementand Governance MinisterialProcessFLEGT. See Forest Law Enforcement,Governance, and TradeForest certification schemes: amountof timber that is illegally exported,248; challenges to effectiveinstruments, 249–50; ISO 14001,249; Pan European ForestCertification Council, 249; usesof certification, 248. See alsoForest Stewardship Council;International Tropical TimberOrganization; Forest LawEnforcement, Governance, andTrade; Forest Law Enforcementand Governance MinisterialProcessForest Law Enforcement, Governance,and Trade: challenges toeffective certification instruments,249–50