Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

212 winer and roulewould be effective only in the context of a regional political process. The suggestedreforms include capacity building for Congolese institutions, includingcustoms, tax authorities, and natural resource agencies. The panel also recommendedrestrictive measures, including freezing the assets of persons involved inillegal exploitation, barring select companies and individuals from accessingbanking facilities and other financial institutions, and barring them from receivingfunding or establishing a partnership or other commercial relations withinternational financial institutions. These recommendations suggest that financialmechanisms knit together illicit resource extraction within the country andbroad access to the financial resources and institutions of developed countries.33. On March 10, 2002, the UN convention reached the minimum numberof ratifications (22) stipulated as necessary for it to come into effect. As aresult, it went into effect on April 10, 2002. As of the end of March 2002,132 countries had signed the convention, but just 24 had deposited ratificationinstruments with the United Nations.34. Financial Action Task Force special recommendations on terroristfinancing, October 31, 2001. See www1.oecd.org/fatf/TerFinance_en.htm.ReferencesThe word “processed” describes informally produced works that maynot be commonly available through libraries.“Afghan Opium Threatens All Central Asia.” 2001. Agence France Presse,September 16.Braeckman, Colette. 2001. “Coltan: The New War Prize.” Le Soir, March 27.Bray, John. 2002. “Special Report: Progress Solid but Uneven in Fight againstCorruption.” Oil and Gas Journal, August 26.Collier, Paul. 2000. “Doing Well out of War.”InMats Berdal and David Malone,eds., Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil War. Boulder,Colo.: Lynne Rienner.Cortright, David, and George A. Lopez, eds. 2002. Smart Sanctions: TargetingEconomic Statecraft. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.Curtis, Grant. 1998. Cambodia Reborn? The Transition to Democracy andDevelopment. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.De Soysa, Indra. 2001. Paradise Is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed, Grievance, andGovernance. Research Discussion Paper 2001/42. NewYork: World Institutefor Development Economics, July.Farah, Douglas. 2002. “Report Says Africans Harbored Al-Qaeda TerrorAssets Hidden in Gem-Buying Spree.” Washington Post, December 29.Findlay, Mark. 1999. The Globalisation of Crime: Understanding TransnationalRelationships in Context. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.