Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

392 indexLiberia audit its use of resourcerevenues, 254Libya: and economic sanctions, 235Licensing. See Commodity labelingand audited chain-of-custodyarrangements element of CTRsLithuania: Denmark’s capacitybuildinginitiatives, 329Livestock: EU tracking initiative, 105Living Earth: partnership with RoyalDutch Shell, 321Logging. See Timber industryLomé conventions: export receiptsstabilization system (Stabex), 358,359, 366 n1London School of Economics:Oil and Conflict Project,90 n12Lopez, George A.: effectiveness ofeconomic sanctions, 235Lukamba Gato, Secretary GeneralPaulo: effectiveness of sanctionson UNITA, 235Lundin Petroleum: activities inSudan, 335, 339Lusaka Agreement on CooperativeEnforcement Operations Directedat Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna andFlora, 129Macapagal-Arroyo, PhilippinesPresident Gloria: change in policytoward foreign businesses, 292Mack, Andrew: effectiveness ofeconomic sanctions, 235Major companies: conflict as adeterrent, 301–2; corruption asa disincentive to operating in acountry, 301; exploration stage ofprojects, 310; greater sensitivityto reputation than juniorcompanies, 301; need to build upnew resources to replace depletedresources, 289; and physicalrisks, 310; and political and socialissues, 310; and the stability of thepolitical and legal climate of acountry, 301. See also JuniorcompaniesMalawi: and African TradeInsurance Agency, 325Malaysia: international pressure tojoin the International TropicalTimber Organization, 180; risingtimber prices and corruptionincrease, 37 n7; shrimp-turtledispute, 144–45; timber industryrevenue volatility, 56Mali: new mineral exploration, 290Marine Stewardship Council:community-based certificationmethodology, 132; market-drivenlabeling scheme, 112, 114Marketing boards: and priceshocks, 357Market-supply dynamics contextualconsideration of CTRs: artificiallyaltering supply and demand, 136;black market, 136–37; creating ademand for “ethical” products,140; demand-supply controls,139–40; description, 101; duediligence procedures, 140;enterprise crime, 136–40;globalization of trade, 138;look-alike commodities, 139;supply-side controls, 138–39;tax regime design, 137–38Massachusetts Burma Law, 343Mattel: child labor restrictions, 140Médécins sans Frontières: activitiesin Sudan, 337Media: criticisms of, 271; role inenforcement measures, 270–71Mexico: cross-border smuggling,134, 163; off-budget accountingby oil industry, 55; oil companyrevenue reporting, 46;tuna-dolphin dispute, 144Middle East: concerns about conflictin, 194, 290, 291. See alsospecific countriesMIGA. See Multilateral InvestmentGuarantee Agency