Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

where did it come from? 119and communities in Indonesia. The reform of property rights to devolvemanagement of resources to local communities with a vested interest intheir long-term security can also prove helpful.Use of New Technology. As with data exchange, many technologiesexist to help account for product inventory and trade. Also, as withdata exchange systems, technological developments in tracking havetended to precede policy rather than to have been driven by it.There are clear drawbacks to not employing technologically sophisticatedtracking methods. For example, the outdated paper-based certificatesor movement documents issued under CITES and the Baselconvention are easily forged. Paper documentation, when not supplementedby electronic verification, is unreliable; falsification of CITEScertificates is a common problem, particularly for high-value productssuch as caviar, as are the sale and theft of blank documents.Table 4.2 gives examples of technology applicable to the monitoringof logs, although the methods are readily adaptable elsewhere andshould be seen as complementary rather than exclusionary. The technologieslisted are relatively self-explanatory: remote sensing andautomatic cameras are clearly “large-scale” technologies that are notdesigned to measure individual logs but areas of operation and aggregatevolume of traffic. Microtaggants are microscopic particlescomposed of layers of different colored plastics—millions of permutationsare possible by combining several colors in different sequences.The coding sequences are then read with a X100 pocket microscope.Radio frequency identity tags can be read-only or read-write andcan be programmed in the field or in advance. They are passive inthat they transmit data only when “excited” by a signal from an appropriatereader. Reflectors are read by laser devices and may be ofvalue to aerial surveillance teams trying to identify concession boundaries,log trucks carrying illegal loads, and the like, while satellitebasedsensors can be read over enormous distances but are relativelycumbersome.Element 4: Effective Compliance and Enforcement MeasuresCompliance refers to a state’s commitments under international law.Enforcement refers to a set of actions that a state may take within itsnational territory to ensure implementation of its international commitments,including adopting national laws and regulations, monitoringcontrolled activities, and deterring evasion of national regulations.Countries often sign up for controls but fail to pass adequate lawsor assign sufficient funds for their effective implementation. Responsibilitiesfor implementation of controls may be assigned to an agency