Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

index 395Natural resource role in civil wars:and economic growth reduction,20; natural resources as the solesource of conflict, 19; and poverty,20–22; rebel financing, 30–35;resource abundance andsecessionist movements, 27–30;resource dependence andeconomic performance, 19–24;resource dependence andgovernance, 24–27; resourcesthat cause problems, 17NEPAD. See New Partnership forAfrica’s DevelopmentThe Netherlands: and U.S.-U.K.Voluntary Principles on Securityand Human Rights, 328New Partnership for Africa’sDevelopment: and the G-8 AfricaAction Plan, 252; partnershiptransparency and accountability,251–52New Zealand: claims on portions ofAntarctica, 157–58 n19Nigeria: Abacha regime funding byillicit commodities, 168; executionof Saro-Wiwa, 294; majorityownership of Shell PetroleumDevelopment Company, 321;Niger Delta DevelopmentCommission, 317; off-budgetrevenue reporting, 52; oilcompany revenue reporting, 46;recent governance problemsrelated to resource revenue, 90 n2Nike: child labor restrictions, 139Nippon-Mitsubishi Oil: activities inMyanmar, 341Nongovernmental organizations:broad range of initiatives, 270;and Chad-Cameroon OilDevelopment and Pipeline Project,347; and Code of Good Practiceson Fiscal Transparency, 61–62;criticisms of, 271; examples ofcampaigns targeting conflict trade,269; “fatal transactions”campaign, 269; fieldobservation and intelligencefrom local communities andnongovernmental organizations,118–19; and formal regulations,305; groups active in Sudan, 337;human rights and environmentalorganizations specializing inadvocacy work, 269–70; LivingEarth’s partnership with RoyalDutch Shell, 321; major strengthof, 271; role in enforcementmeasures, 264, 269–71. See alsospecific organizationsNorway: claims on portions ofAntarctica, 157–58 n19; one-yearregistration for vessels, 131;resource revenue reportingrequirements, 50; special envoyto Sudan, 337; State PetroleumFund, 53–54; Statoil’s sponsorshipof judicial training in Venezuela,329–30; and U.S.-U.K. VoluntaryPrinciples on Security and HumanRights, 328; use of resourceextraction funds for governmentoperations, 166, 209 n6Norwegian Church Aid: activities inSudan, 337Nuclear materials and weapons: andembargoes, 174; internationalprohibition regime, 175–76;physical danger involved insmuggling, 176; private sectorcontrol, 176Occidental: security forces trainedby United States armedforces, 320Off-budget accounting: difficultieswith, 52; and embezzlement, 53;natural resource windfall funds,53–54; and Nigeria’s centralbudget, 52; resource stabilizationand savings funds, 53–54; trustfunds, 53; weakness of controls,51–52