Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

126 crossin, hayman, and taylorprovide an opportunity for settlement and assistance with capacitybuilding. In particular, states reaping the benefits of controls shouldcompensate those bearing the costs: developed countries should fundcapacity-building programs in developing-country partners to thetreaty. The multilateral fund of the Montreal protocol is perhaps the bestsuccessful example—contributions amounted to about $1.3 billion atthe end of 2001.The Significant Trade Process imposed under Article 4 of the CITESconvention has partially addressed the failure of Appendix II listingsprocedure by providing independent expert advice on species statusthrough its periodic review of heavily traded species. The process thenenlists the help of consumer states in observing global trade quotas,which relieve range-states of the burden of making nondetriment findingson a case-by-case basis. The European Union’s (EU’s) new systemof wildlife control legislation has altered the standard operating proceduresof the convention to require an import quota for any shipmentof Appendix II species into Europe, therefore requiring harder evidencethat a given export will not have a harmful effect on the populationof the species in question. The CITES secretariat now runs aLegislation and Compliance Unit, where legal and enforcement professionalsprovide real-time enforcement assistance to the parties andassessment of national compliance efforts. Activities include a rollingprogram of national legislation assessment, the issuance of CITES alertsto member states detailing actionable intelligence, cross-examinationof permits and certificates, information outreach, and national missionsfor needs assessment or information verification.A number of the major fisheries conservation treaties run schemesto detect and sanction reflagged vessels that may be free riding oncatch controls. These mostly involve a register of noncontracting partyvessels sighted in controlled waters, which face direct inspection ifthey put into the ports of contracting parties. Landings or transshipmentsfrom such offenders are banned unless the vessel can prove thatcontrolled species on board were not caught in the regulatory area. Inaddition, some conventions also allow trade sanctions to be imposedon noncompliant states on the basis that they could not be exportingcertain fish products unless they were catching them in an area controlledby the treaty.Trade measures have proved an essential component in addressingnoncompliant states. CITES, for example, has seen unilateral actionunder Article 14(1), which allows parties to undertake stricter domesticmeasures than are formally required under the convention to allowfor targeted sanctions on noncompliant states including Bolivia, DemocraticRepublic of Congo, Greece, Italy, Thailand, and United Arab