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index 409World Customs Organization:conflict resource trackingassistance, 243; CustomsCooperation Council, 177,178–79, 199; experience indeveloping standard certifications,193–94; Harmonized Systemsof Customs Coding, 110;international framework coveringthe sale of natural resources usedin conflict or accompanied byserious corruption, 192; limitedresources of, 191; memoranda ofunderstanding with the Baselconvention and CITES, 107;role in delivering betterintelligence, 129World Diamond Council:association description, 158 n26;industry self-regulatorymeasures, 246, 279 n29;warranty system, 148World Resources Institute: sociallyresponsible investment report, 303World Summit on SustainableDevelopment: ExtractiveIndustries TransparencyProject, 265World Trade Organization:implications for commodityspecifictracking regimes, 143–45;India, Malaysia, Pakistan,Thailand, and United Statesshrimp-turtle dispute, 144–45;Mexico and United Statestuna-dolphin dispute, 144World Vision: activities inSudan, 337World Watch Institute: study of thecommon elements in conflictsfinanced by illicit commodities,171–72World Wide Fund for Nature:study of fraudulent certificationcases, 244World Wildlife Fund: support forTrade Record Analysis of Floraand Fauna in Commerce, 129WTO. See World TradeOrganizationYugoslavia: border monitors fromthe UN Transitional Authority inEastern Slavonia, Baranja, andWestern Sirmium, 233; UNborder monitors, 237Zambia: and African TradeInsurance Agency, 325Zimbabwe: Denmark’scapacity-building initiatives, 329
Violent conflict can spell catastrophefor developing countries and theirneighbors, stunting and evenreversing the course of economicgrowth. Recent World Bank research on thecauses of conflict and civil war finds that thecountries most likely to be blighted by conflictare those whose economies depend heavilyon natural resources. Natural Resourcesand Violent Conflict: Options and Actionsfirst explains the links between resourcedependence and conflict and then considerswhat can be done to help reduce the risk ofcivil war in these nations.In this collection of previously unpublishedessays by experts in the field, contributorsconsider the risks of corruption, secessionistmovements, and rebel financing. They alsoconsider the roles played by government, thedevelopment community, and the country’spopulation and propose an agenda forglobal action. Focusing on what we can docollectively to diminish the likelihood ofcivil war, contributors to this volume suggestpractical approaches and policies that could beadopted by the international community—from financial and resource reportingprocedures to commodity tracking systems andenforcement techniques, including sanctions,certification requirements, and aidconditionality. A fascinating look at the resultsof important new World Bank research, thisbook represents an important addition to thedialogue on development.ISBN 0-8213-5503-1
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedOptions
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Natural Resourcesand ViolentConflic
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ContentsPrefaceContributorsAcronyms
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PrefaceRECENT RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN B
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prefacexiespecially Nicholas Stern,
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xivcontributorsSylviane Guillaumont
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Acronyms and AbbreviationsAUCCCAMLR
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chapter 1Natural Resources andConfl
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natural resources and conflict 3Fig
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natural resources and conflict 5rig
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natural resources and conflict 7War
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natural resources and conflict 9pro
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natural resources and conflict 11ag
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natural resources and conflict 13ar
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natural resources and conflict 15re
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chapter 2The Natural Resource Curse
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20 michael rossEconomic GrowthIt ma
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22 michael ross12 of the 20 as “h
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24 michael rossvolatile than the pr
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26 michael rossby the military, giv
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28 michael rosswars in regions that
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30 michael rossIncrease Transparenc
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32 michael ross• InSierra Leone i
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34 michael rossgroups have also tur
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36 michael rossgenerate extraordina
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38 michael rossand arms to the Nati
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40 michael rossHegre, Håvard. 2002
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42 michael rossRelation to Sierra L
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44 swanson, oldgard, and lundemeani
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46 swanson, oldgard, and lunde(U.K.
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48 swanson, oldgard, and lunderesou
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50 swanson, oldgard, and lundeinfor
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52 swanson, oldgard, and lundeon of
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54 swanson, oldgard, and lundeFund
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56 swanson, oldgard, and lundecompa
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58 swanson, oldgard, and lundeSimil
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60 swanson, oldgard, and lundeThe f
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62 swanson, oldgard, and lundeorgan
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64 swanson, oldgard, and lundeThere
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66 swanson, oldgard, and lundenongo
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68 swanson, oldgard, and lundefrom
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70 swanson, oldgard, and lundenatur
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72 swanson, oldgard, and lundeflows
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74 swanson, oldgard, and lundeBox 3
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76 swanson, oldgard, and lundepayme
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78 swanson, oldgard, and lundePolic
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80 swanson, oldgard, and lundeof pa
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82 swanson, oldgard, and lundethe U
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84 swanson, oldgard, and lundegover
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86 swanson, oldgard, and lundeNever
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88 swanson, oldgard, and lundeleast
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90 swanson, oldgard, and lundecondi
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92 swanson, oldgard, and lunde27. S
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94 swanson, oldgard, and lunde—
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96 swanson, oldgard, and lunde—
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98 crossin, hayman, and taylorThere
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100 crossin, hayman, and taylorTabl
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102 crossin, hayman, and taylor•
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104 crossin, hayman, and taylorThus
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106 crossin, hayman, and taylorCTRs
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108 crossin, hayman, and taylorIn e
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110 crossin, hayman, and taylorto h
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112 crossin, hayman, and taylorCert
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114 crossin, hayman, and taylorof p
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116 crossin, hayman, and taylorBox
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118 crossin, hayman, and taylorA la
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120Table 4.2 Forest Product Monitor
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122Table 4.2 (continued)Technology
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124 crossin, hayman, and taylorthat
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126 crossin, hayman, and taylorprov
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130 crossin, hayman, and taylorinte
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132 crossin, hayman, and taylorThe
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134 crossin, hayman, and taylorMixi
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136 crossin, hayman, and taylorsmug
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138 crossin, hayman, and taylorof t
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140 crossin, hayman, and taylorlabe
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142 crossin, hayman, and taylor33 m
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146 crossin, hayman, and taylorcomm
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148 crossin, hayman, and taylorto p
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150 crossin, hayman, and taylorare
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152 crossin, hayman, and taylordeve
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158 crossin, hayman, and taylorthe
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chapter 5Follow the Money: The Fina
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follow the money 163existing standa
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follow the money 165various institu
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follow the money 167portion of the
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follow the money 169funded their wa
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follow the money 171• Use undergr
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follow the money 173EmbargoesAn ong
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follow the money 175violating secto
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follow the money 177category. Howev
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follow the money 179of weapons and
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follow the money 181in June 2002 by
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follow the money 183The resolution
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follow the money 185• Enter into
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follow the money 187to establish th
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follow the money 189in general, not
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follow the money 191Current capacit
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follow the money 193laundering and
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follow the money 195system and law
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follow the money 197lawful purpose,
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follow the money 199in criminal mat
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follow the money 201Canada, Germany
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follow the money 203means that the
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follow the money 205the wholesale o
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follow the money 207Prior to the Se
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follow the money 2092. Current memb
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follow the money 211of all firearms
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follow the money 213“Four Compani
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chapter 6Getting It Done: Instrumen
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getting it done 217objective of end
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getting it done 219Fourth, under ce
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getting it done 221The proliferatio
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getting it done 223Mandatory and vo
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Table 6.1 Overview of International
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227CertificationregimesKimberleyCer
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getting it done 229instruments, and
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getting it done 231recently been en
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getting it done 233$500 million. 8
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getting it done 235The argument tha
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getting it done 237legislation and
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getting it done 239Many observers a
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getting it done 241International Le
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getting it done 243panels could pro
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getting it done 245international ro
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getting it done 247scheme is now ir
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getting it done 249of forest resour
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getting it done 251standing and com
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getting it done 253peace agreements
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getting it done 2551997 and 2001 (
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getting it done 257themselves with
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getting it done 259Box 6.3 Mandator
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getting it done 261agencies, and ci
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getting it done 263enterprises coul
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getting it done 265ethical investme
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getting it done 267Advocacy groups
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getting it done 269principles, with
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getting it done 271more sexy than l
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getting it done 273to focus the att
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getting it done 275Given that it de
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getting it done 277The assessments
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getting it done 27925. See www.inte
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getting it done 281ReferencesThe wo
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getting it done 283Harden, Blain. 2
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getting it done 285Africa: Assessin
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chapter 7Attracting Reputable Compa
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attracting reputable companies 289h
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attracting reputable companies 291i
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attracting reputable companies 293b
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attracting reputable companies 295t
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attracting reputable companies 297T
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attracting reputable companies 301S
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attracting reputable companies 303h
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attracting reputable companies 307o
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attracting reputable companies 315e
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attracting reputable companies 317I
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attracting reputable companies 321i
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attracting reputable companies 325$
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attracting reputable companies 327
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attracting reputable companies 329m
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attracting reputable companies 331t
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attracting reputable companies 333L
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attracting reputable companies 335a
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attracting reputable companies 337N
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attracting reputable companies 343s
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attracting reputable companies 345a
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attracting reputable companies 347G
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attracting reputable companies 349W
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attracting reputable companies 351A
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chapter 8Dampening Price ShocksPatr
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dampening price shocks 355in lower
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dampening price shocks 357the agree
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Page 386: dampening price shocks 367———
Page 389 and 390: 370 indexand Pakistan, 170; possibl
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Page 393 and 394: 374 indexeconomic rationale for, 34
Page 395 and 396: 376 indexor regional arrangements,
Page 397 and 398: 378 indexstandards and norms, 172,1
Page 399 and 400: 380 indexEmbargoes: and black marke
Page 401 and 402: 382 indexRUF-controlled areas in Si
Page 403 and 404: 384 indexForest Law Enforcement and
Page 405 and 406: 386 indexGreater Nile Petroleum Ope
Page 407 and 408: 388 indexInformation technology:
Page 409 and 410: 390 indexand reputation, 294-97; mi
Page 411 and 412: 392 indexLiberia audit its use of r
Page 413 and 414: 394 indexMorley Fund Management:inv
Page 415 and 416: 396 indexOffice of the High Commiss
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Page 421 and 422: 402 indexSri Lanka: double agenda o
Page 423 and 424: 404 indexover-allocation of logging
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Page 427: 408 indexWal-Mart: child labor rest
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