Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

380 indexEmbargoes: and black markets, 175;and civilian populations, 173;countries selling goods withinelastic markets, 173;description, 172; limitations oneffectiveness, 174; ongoingconflict as a prerequisite to UNauthorization of, 173; results of,173; sectoral, 174–76; strengtheningof the relative political andeconomic power of those violatingthem, 173; violations of sanctions,173. See also BoycottsEndangered species. See Conventionon International Trade inEndangered Species of Fauna andFlora; U.S. Exotic Wild BirdConservation ActEnforcement measures: aid conditionality,250–52; areas foradditional research, 277;certification instruments,243–50; challenges to effectiveenforcement, 219, 275–77;“conflict goods” definition, 216;“conflict resources” definition,216; “conflict timber” definition,216; corporate conductinstruments, 256–69; criteria fordeciding what is licit and what isnot, 221–22; difficulty ofeffective domestic enforcement inconflict-affected countries, 275;economic supervision, 252–56;effectiveness assessment, 276–77;elements constituting a comprehensiveframework, 224–29;enforcement of documentation ontangible versus intangible goods,164; existing instruments,229–75; focus of reforms, 216;goals, 221; institutional structureof, 220–29; international instruments,224–29; internationaltreaties, 223; judicial instruments,239–43; and lack of capacity andperverse incentives, 275; mainrationale for, 217; mandatoryinstrument advantages, 222–23;media role, 269–71; nationalinstruments, 223–24; need forreforms on natural resourcegovernance, 215–16;nongovernmental organizationrole, 269–71; percentage of thecost of enforcement actionscovered by fines in Brazil,157 n14; practical obstacles, 229;and problems of consensuscoordination, and commitment bystates and multilateral agencies,275–76; and profit-driven actors,275; and protection of private andpublic economic and strategicinterests by state apparatus, 275;regional instruments, 224;regulatory and enforcement gapsfor money laundering inDemocratic Republic of Congo,202; regulatory instruments, 222;relationship between resources andthe duration and impact of armedconflicts, 217–18; resources as anincentive for defections, 219; andthird-party peace mediation, 218;trade sanctions, 230–39;transboundary resource andenvironmental governanceinstruments, 271–75; and unevenjurisdiction problems, 276;United Kingdom’s memorandumof agreement with Indonesiaon forest law enforcementcooperation, 104, 180; voluntaryinstruments, 222, 223. See alsoCompliance and enforcementmeasures element of CTRs; UnitedNations Convention to CombatIllicit and Psychotropic DrugsEnron: scandal involving, 266,302–3Enterprise crime, 136–40Environmental impact assessments:and construction stage of