Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

140 crossin, hayman, and taylorlabeling soccer balls made in Pakistan to ensure that no underage workersare involved. Companies like Mattel and Wal-Mart have publishedpolicies stating they will not use child labor for the production or sale oftheir products.Government and private procurement programs can complementcertification schemes by creating demand for “ethical” products. TheU.K. government, for example, is attempting to procure all its timberfrom legal or certified sources. A more general duty-of-care culture canalso be fostered through “soft” regulatory mechanisms, such as duediligence schemes—often used in the antiques trade—that may help toprovide for formal liaison between traders and law enforcement. Duediligence may be reflected in industry certification procedures, such asadherence to International Standards Organization programs like theISO 14000 standards or the European Eco-Management and AuditScheme, that classify an organization or company by its ability to manageall aspects of its business in an environmentally sound manner.Lateral thinking is also necessary to convince insurance companiesand banks to assess the legality of operations as part of their financialdue diligence procedures. Investors, banks, and export credit agenciesthat have funded illegal activities or activities without due diligencecould perhaps be targeted by tort litigation, money laundering, orproceeds-of-crime legislation. Due diligence procedures imposed byinsurance companies concerned with potential cleanup liabilities, forexample, have been one of the major drivers in compliance with U.S.Superfund hazardous waste legislation.Considerations 4 and 5: Political and LegalContext of RegulationsAny CTR will be partly a product of the political, economic, and socialcircumstances of producing, processing, and consuming countries. Inaddition, prior legal precedent, developing international jurisprudence,and national case law all will profoundly affect the shape andmethodology of specific control regimes. For example, attempts tocontrol illegal fishing and impose access restrictions on fishing fleetshave been hindered by the “freedom of the high seas.” Within thisbroad context, the Convention on the Conservation of AntarcticMarine Living Resources (CCAMLR) Treaty that protects southernocean resources has a number of unique features and must be understoodagainst the background of the Antarctic Treaty System fromwhich it emerged. In the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, the 12 potentialclaimants of portions of Antarctica 19 agreed to set aside their territorialclaims in the interests of international harmony. Article IV of the