Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

156 crossin, hayman, and tayloror products. The exporting country would also be involved in theprocess since an export certificate may legitimize the shipment.• Consumer-country controls. Consumer-country customs authoritiesmight, for example, follow a “red-amber-green” approach to investigatingillegal timber shipments. For instance, exports from countrieswith known illegal logging problems could be flagged for furtherinspection; information on the shipment could then be exchanged withnational authorities in the producer country. For the purpose of ensuringan efficient customs management process, a standard certificatewould be desirable.• International cooperation and legal reform. Bilateral cooperationbetween producer and consumer countries is needed to enforce domesticforestry legislation in both countries. If not already in existence,legislation should be passed in producing countries to outlaw illegal logging.Consumer countries should recognize this legislation, and a bilateralagreement between the two countries should ban the trade in illegaltimber. These bilateral agreements would form a body of internationallaw that could form the basis of a future multilateral agreement.Notes1. Compliance refers to a state’s situation with regard to its obligationsunder international law. Enforcement refers to a set of actions—such as adoptinglaws and regulations or arresting and prosecuting malfeasants—that astate may take within its national territory to ensure implementation of a specificCTR. In other words, compliance is used in an international context andenforcement in a national one.2. The Basel convention defines “wastes” somewhat tautologically as substancesthat are disposed of.3. That is, the necessity to get an agreement up and running quickly asarguments over the precise categorization of hazardous waste could have goneon for years.4. Of over 25,000 species regulated under CITES, more than 90 percent arelisted on Appendix II.5. Interpol signed memoranda of understanding with the CITES Secretariatin 1998 and with the Basel convention secretariat in 1999.6. This is in line with UN General Assembly Resolution 55/198 on enhancingcomplementarities among international instruments related to environmentaland sustainable development. See www.unep.org/gc_21st/Documents/gc-21-INF-19/e-GC-21-INF-19.doc.7. For example, the fifth goal of the CITES 2000 strategic plan (StrategicVision through 2005) emphasizes the importance of cooperation and links