Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

index 403capacity-building initiatives, 329;new mineral exploration, 290Tanzanite: certification of, 177;deconcentrated set of suppliersfor, 192; ease of mining for, 25;possible Al-Qaeda exploitationof, 178; and Tucson protocols,177, 178Taylor, Charles: alleged involvementin criminal activities, 236;exploitation of Sierra Leone’sdiamonds, 168; facilitation ofterrorist finance through diamondsmuggling involving agents ofAl-Qaeda, 209 n9; limitation ofhis assistance to rebels, 236;logs-for-arms swaps forgovernment funding, 142; andNational Patriotic Front ofLiberia taxes on the sale ofcannabis, diamonds, iron ore,rubber, and timber, 31T’Chad Oil TransportationCompany: World Bank loansto, 346Tear Fund: activities in Sudan, 337Terrorism: antiterrorism standardsand norms, 172, 182–83; andblack market, 169; definition ofterrorist groups funded by illicitcommodities, 209 n8; FinancialAction Task Force on MoneyLaundering’s criteria for detectingpossible terrorist transactions, 182;generated by conflicts, 171–72;gold and gemstones forlaundering money, 169, 210 n11;and hawala, 169; and hundi, 193;and illegal drugs, 203–8; illicitcommodities funding, 169–70;provision of security for farmersgrowing illegal coca or opium, 169;relationship with organizedcrime, 168; role in sustainedconflict, 170; UN’s “terrorism”definition, 241, 278 n21;U.S. Department of State’s“international narcotics controlstrategy report,” 209–10 n10;Wolfsberg Group principles forantiterrorism, 187–88Texaco: and Chad-Cameroon OilDevelopment and PipelineProject, 345; U.S.-U.K. VoluntaryPrinciples on Security and HumanRights participant, 348–49 n29;withdrawal from Myanmar, 342Thailand: shrimp-turtle dispute,144–45Timber: concentrated marketfor, 192; and Democratic Republicof Congo, 200; embargoes on, 173.See also Forest certificationschemesTimber industry: amount of timberthat is illegally exported, 149, 248;“conflict timber,” 142, 248;consumer-country controls, 156;creation of legality certificationschemes, 155; customs collaboration,155–56; effects of illegallogging, 248; external monitoring,155; forest certification schemes,248–50; forest product monitoringtechnologies, 119, 120–23;global forestry operationstransparency, 154; IKEA’schain-of-custody system fortracking, 112; illegal logging, 47,57, 248; illegal tropical timberimports into the EU, 102–3;improved chain-of-custodymonitoring, 155; internationalcooperation and legal reform,156; international initiatives,150–54, 180; local communityinvolvement in logging operations,155; market-driven labelingschemes, 112, 114; memorandumof agreement between Indonesiaand the United Kingdom on forestlaw enforcement cooperation, 104;mixing of illegally harvested andlegally produced timber, 134;