Natural Resources and Violent Conflict - WaterWiki.net

index 375and price shocks, 10; rebel groupfinancing, 31Cold War: and rebel groupfunding, 3Collier-Hoeffler model: drivers ofconflict, 2–3Colombia: coffee windfall fund, 53;double agenda of peace transitionand rearmament, 253; Ecopetrol,293–94; kidnapping for rebelgroup financing, 6, 33–34;National Liberation Army (ELN),6, 33, 204; relationship betweenterrorists and organized crime, 168;security forces trained by UnitedStates armed forces, 320;terrorism’s role in sustainedconflict, 170; United Self-DefenseForces of Colombia (AUC), 204.See also Revolutionary ArmedForces of ColombiaColtan: commodity chain, 134;company practices case study,267–68; composition of, 200;deconcentrated set of suppliersfor, 192; demand for, 200; andDemocratic Republic of Congo,75, 200–203, 211–12 n32; easeof mining for, 25; lack of afunctioning government in coltanextractingareas, 202; rebel groupfinancing, 31, 201–2; andRwanda, 201Commission of Inquiry into theAlleged Smuggling of andIllegal Trade in Ivory andRhinocerus Horn in South Africa:apartheid regime’s policy ofdestabilizing neighboring states,142–43Commodity-chain contextualconsideration of CTRs:distinguishing different criminalconstituencies within a specificCTR, 135–36; dynamics ofspecific commodities, 134;mixing of commodities fromdifferent sources, 134; andorganized crime, 134–35Commodity labeling and auditedchain-of-custody arrangementselement of CTRs: description, 98;field observation and intelligencefrom local communities andnongovernmental organizations,118–19; independent monitoring,118; issuing and verifying oflicenses and certificates, 112;labeling as laundering, 114–15,117–19; market-driven labelingschemes, 112, 114; newtechnology for monitoring, 119,120–23; peer review, 117–18;reliability and integrity of, 111;self-reports, 117Commodity-specific trackingregimes: access to enforcementexperts at CTR meetings, 145;benefits of streamlining, 108;capacity building, 101, 131–33;commodity labeling and auditedchain-of-custody arrangements,98, 111–19; common definitionsand reporting requirements, 98,102–4; comparison of thenecessary elements with existingCTRs, 102–33; conclusions andrecommendations, 145–46;contextual considerations,133–45; effective compliance andenforcement measures, 101, 119,124–31; efficient reportingstructure and effective informationexchange, 98, 104–11; marketsupplydynamics, 101, 136–40;necessary elements, 98–102;political and legal context ofregulations, 101–2, 140–45;understanding of the commoditychain, 101, 133–36Common definitions and reportingrequirements element of CTRs:description, 98; internationalcontrols, 102–3; multilateral