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Review <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>literature</strong> on basic education in NigeriaAlthough Table 2.3 points to positive increases in transition rates, it also highlights that <strong>the</strong>re is still along way to go to reach UBE as only <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn zones have achieved transition rates <strong>of</strong> over 50%,although over 50% <strong>of</strong> boys are making <strong>the</strong> transition to JSS in <strong>the</strong> North West and North Central. TheUBEC impact assessment found that a shortage <strong>of</strong> accessible JSSs was a major obstacle to completingbasic education in a number <strong>of</strong> states (UBEC 2012a).Table 2.3Transition rates (%) from public primary schools to public junior secondary school by geopoliticalzone*Data from Bauchi were excluded because <strong>of</strong> an obvious data input error.**Data are missing for Plateau State.*** Data from Delta State were excluded because <strong>of</strong> an obvious input error.Source: FME (2011b)Zone 2006/07 2009/10F M Total F M TotalNorth West 41 50 47 41 52 47North East* 33 36 35 34 39 37North Central** 42 45 44 45 53 49South West 53 54 54 83 85 84South South*** 47 34 40 69 47 56South East 33 31 32 56 52 54TOTAL 43 44 43 54 55 542.4 AttendanceAttendance data from <strong>the</strong> two NEDS, which relate to both public and private schools, show little changebetween 2004 and 2010. 61% <strong>of</strong> primary school-aged children (age 6–11) attended school at some stageduring <strong>the</strong> survey year for <strong>the</strong> 2010 NEDS, compared with 60% in <strong>the</strong> survey year for <strong>the</strong> 2004 report.Even in <strong>the</strong> North West, where much international assistance has been focused, net primary attendanceratios have remained almost unchanged from 41.7% in 2004 to 41.0% in 2010. This stagnation in schoolattendance rates contrasts with many o<strong>the</strong>r countries in SSA, which have shown marked improvementsin school attendance over <strong>the</strong> same period (Antoninis 2012).Broadly speaking, in Nigeria school attendance levels are lower in <strong>the</strong> north than in <strong>the</strong> south, in ruralareas than in urban, and in poorer households than in richer. School attendance rates are also lower forgirls than for boys and for Muslims than for non-Muslims (NPC and RTI International 2011).Rates are also particularly low among nomadic children and migrant children (NCNE 2008) and childrenwith disabilities (Lang and Upah 2008), although government initiatives are in place to try to address<strong>the</strong>se issues. These disparities among different social groups are discussed in brief below, and in moredetail in later chapters.Of all children aged 6–16 surveyed in <strong>the</strong> 2010 NEDS, 31% were reported as never having attendedschool (NPC and RTI International 2011).2.4.1 Geographical regionsAs Figure 2.1 clearly illustrates, attendance rates are particularly low in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn regions. The 2010NEDS reports <strong>the</strong> primary NAR to be just 41% in <strong>the</strong> North East and North West zones, compared to 80%EDOREN – Education Data, Research and Evaluation in Nigeria 13
Review <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>literature</strong> on basic education in Nigeriain <strong>the</strong> three sou<strong>the</strong>rn zones (NPC and RTI International 2011). Primary attendance ratios are also muchlower in rural areas (55%, down from 56% in 2004) than in urban areas (74%, up from 70% in 2004).Of all children aged 6–16 surveyed who had never attended school, 90% were from rural areas, with84% being from <strong>the</strong> North East and North West regions (ibid.). There are also substantial variations inattendance between and within states, as Figure 2.1 also shows. In <strong>the</strong> North East average primaryattendance ratios are 21% in Borno State but 58% in Adamawa. In <strong>the</strong> North West rates are 18% inZamfara but 69% in Kaduna (ibid.). The NEDS does not allow disaggregation at LGEA level, butadministrative data suggest that <strong>the</strong>re are also very high variations between LGEAs within states.Figure 2.1: Primary net attendance ratio, 2010Source: Adapted from <strong>the</strong> 2010 NEDS (NPC and RTI International 2011).2.4.2 GenderThe 2010 NEDS indicates that primary attendance ratios for males and females are roughly similar in <strong>the</strong>sou<strong>the</strong>rn and North Central zones but are much lower for females in <strong>the</strong> North East and North Westzones (38% and 35%, respectively) than for males (43% and 47%, respectively). There is a smaller gendergap in attendance ratios at <strong>the</strong> JSS level, where overall attendance is lower than at primary level (NPCand RTI International 2011).The overall national net primary attendance ratio for males is 63.5% and for females is 58.4%. Atsecondary level rates are, on average, <strong>the</strong> same, at 44% for both females and males, albeit withdisparities according to region, wealth quintile and urban or rural location that are similar to those thatexist at primary level.EDOREN – Education Data, Research and Evaluation in Nigeria 14
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