Creative Economy: A Feasible Development Option

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Chart 5.4a Share of economic groups in world exports of creative goods, 2002 (%)Developed economies Developing economies Economies in transitionChart 5.4b Share of economic groups in world exports of creative goods, 2008 (%)Developed economies Developing economies Economies in transition5International trade in creative goods and services: Global trends and features0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 2.30.252.647.2Art crafts7.5Audio/visuals46.5 34.0Design New media PerformingartsPublishing Visual arts5.3.2 Global trends in world importsWorld imports of creative goods rose even higher thanexports during the period 2002-2008, increasing from $226billion to $421 billion (see table 5.4). The share of developedeconomies in world imports of creative goods declinedfrom 83 per cent to 75 per cent. In 2008, developing countriesimported 22 per cent of all creative goods, with a valueof about $94 billion. For economies in transition, imports10.922.591.9 92.3 87.177.353.2Source: UNCTAD, based on official data reported to UN COMTRADE databaseTable 5.365.8Creative goods: Exports, by economicgroup and region, 2002 and 2008Economic group and region7.2Value (inmillions of $)World 204,948 406,992 99Developed economies 127,903 227,103 78Europe 94,514 174,018 84United States of America 18,557 35,000 89Japan 3,976 6,988 76Canada 9,327 9,215 -1Developing economies 75,835 176,211 132Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 66,700 143,085 115China 32,348 84,807 162Western Asia 2,602 10,687 311Latin America and Caribbean 5,536 9,030 63Africa 740 2,220 200LDCs 344 1,579 359SIDS 61 135 120Transition economies 1,210 3,678 204Source: UNCTAD, based on official data in UN COMTRADE databaseChange(%)2002 2008 2002-20080 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0.5 1.2 0.7 0.8 1.0 2.80.264.135.4Art crafts9.3Audio/visuals50.6 52Design New media PerformingartsPublishing Visual artsof creative goods represented about 2.4 per centof the world total, amounting to $10 billion in2008 (see table 1.2b in the annex).As chart 5.5a illustrates, developedeconomies were the largest importers of creativegoods during the period 2002-2008. Chart 5.5b,which illustrates imports of creative goods, showsthat design accounts for the highest volume inworld trade (59 per cent of total imports), followedby publications and printed media. Thisstructure is the same in all three economic groupsof countries, as shown in table 5.5. Developedcountries accounted for more than 75 per cent oftotal imports of creative goods, with the world’stop importers being Europe, followed by theUnited States, Japan and Canada. Among developingeconomies, Asia was the region with thehighest level of imports of creative goods, whichgrew from $28 billion in 2002 to $68 billion in2008 — a 58 per cent increase. In Latin Americaand the Caribbean, imports of creative goodsnearly tripled during this period, growing from $6.3 billionto $16 billion. Imports of creative goods also increasedsharply in Africa, where they grew from $1.6 million to $5.7billion, and among world’s least developed countries, wherethey rose from $344 million to $1.6 billion. This is clearevidence that despite the abundance of creative talents,developing countries are net importers of creative products(see more detailed analysis in section 5).16.923.989.5 86.2 80.375.948.7Source: UNCTAD, based on official data reported to UN COMTRADE database47.712.7130 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
Table 5.4 Creative goods: Imports, by economic group, 2002 and 2008 (in millions of $)WorldDevelopedeconomiesDevelopingeconomiesTransitioneconomies2002 20082002 2008 2002 2008 2002 2008All Creative Industries 225,590 420,783 187,170 317,058 36,692 93,721 1,728 10,003Art Crafts 20,341 29,272 15,336 20,836 4,858 7,641 147 795Audio Visuals 411 699 326 483 83 181 2 34Design 129,232 248,358 106,388 185,810 21,905 56,376 939 6,172New Media 17,681 36,361 14,519 26,878 3,031 9,064 132 420Performing Arts 11,134 28,022 9,651 22,241 1,421 5,322 61 458Publishing 29,633 49,107 25,166 36,351 4,068 10,915 399 1,841Visual Arts 17,158 28,964 15,784 24,460 1,327 4,222 48 282Source: UNCTAD, based on official data in UN COMTRADE databaseTable 5.5Economic group and regionCreative goods: Imports, by economicgroup and region, 2002 and 2008Value (inmillions of $)Change(%)2002 2008 2002-2008World 225,590 420,783 87Developed economies 187,170 317,058 69Europe 93,458 184,353 97United States of America 68,624 89,971 31Japan 12,129 18,512 53Canada 8,214 14,736 79Developing economies 36,692 93,721 155Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 26,048 53,400 105China 2,941 6,078 107Western Asia 2,420 14,953 518Latin American and Caribbean 6,139 16,007 161Africa 1,585 5,693 259LDCs 344 1,579 359SIDS 169 845 400Transition economies 1,728 10,003 4795International trade in creative goods and services: Global trends and featuresSource: UNCTAD, based on official data in UN COMTRADE databaseChart 5.5a Imports of creative goods, by economic group, 2002, 2005 and 2008Chart 5.5b Imports of creative goods, by group, 2008350(in billions of $)300250200150100Developed economiesDeveloping economiesTransition economies8.6%6.7%11.7%6.9%7.0%0.2%59.0%Design (59.0%)Publishing (11.7%)Art crafts (7.0%)Visual arts (6.9%)Performing arts (6.7%)New media (8.6%)Audiovisuals (0.2%)5002002 2005 2008Source: UNCTAD, based on official data reported to UN COMTRADE databaseSource: UNCTAD, based on official data reported to UN COMTRADE databaseCREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010131
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ContentsForeword...................
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3.4.2 Large-scale corporate enterpr
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7. Technology, connectivity and the
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LIST OF BOXES1.1 A creative entrepr
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5.9 Creative goods: Exports, by reg
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5.13 Audiovisuals: Exports, by econ
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ForewordThe United Nations publishe
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AcknowledgementsThe Creative Econom
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Scope of this reportThe Creative Ec
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Chapter 1 explores evolving concept
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Ten key messagesThis policy-oriente
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IX. In the aftermath of the crisis,
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GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilGDP Gro
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The Creative Economy1PART
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CHAPTER1Conceptand context of thecr
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1Concept and context of the creativ
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1Box 1.1 continuedA creative entrep
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1Box 1.2 continuedThe creative city
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2The development dimensioneties. Th
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Box 2.1South-South sharing of creat
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2The development dimension2.2.3 Soc
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2Box 2.2 continuedBrazilian carniva
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Box 2.3Africa Remix: Africa speakin
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2The development dimensionrequire c
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2The development dimensionconcrete
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2The development dimensionreforms,
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2The development dimensionThailand:
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2The development dimensionTurkey: I
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2The development dimensionMinistry.
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2The development dimensionvisual ar
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2The development dimension2.4.5 The
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Box 2.7 continuedBrand Jamaica as t
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2The development dimensionpublisher
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Box 2.8 continuedThe Bolshoi: A sub
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2The development dimension2.5.1 Cre
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2The development dimension■solar
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2The development dimensionBox 2.13E
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72 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
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3.2 Organization of the creative ec
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3Analysing the creative economythat
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3Analysing the creative economyketi
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Page 124 and 125: 4Towards an evidence-based assessme
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Page 142 and 143: Table 4.4 continuedCreative service
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Page 148 and 149: Box 4.1Reality and numbers4Towards
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Page 154 and 155: 5importing countries. It is not yet
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Page 169 and 170: Table 5.12aRankExporterArt crafts:
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Page 191 and 192: Table 5.28Chart 5.19(in billions of
Page 193 and 194: Table 5.30 Related goods: Imports,
Page 195 and 196: The Role of IntellectualProperty an
Page 197 and 198: CHAPTER6Therole of intellectual pro
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In 2006, WIPO published National St
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Box 6.4Jewellery: A magic marriage
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ing at least until the first sale o
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tial. The right balance should be f
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CHAPTER7Technology,connectivityand
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m-commerce and m-banking. Mobile te
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Figure 7.4Subscribers per 100 inh.4
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Table 7.2DimensionDigital enablersD
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Table 7.4Rank1234567891011121314151
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IPR rights that may be “re-purpos
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producers; in short, the business m
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Box 7.2 continuedFree and open-sour
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patterns developed by ICTs, rich so
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Promoting the CreativeEconomy for D
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CHAPTER8Policystrategies for the cr
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entirely limited to the major urban
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8.3 The policy processThe process o
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8.4.2 Provision of finance andinves
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they operate and to evaluate the sh
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Box 8.2Alternative Currencies in Br
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Box 8.3 continuedThe Egyptian film
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crisis, the active participation to
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tries to the benefits of growth in
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There is significant evidence that
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■■■the desirability of capaci
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CHAPTER9Theinternational dimensiono
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the issues relating to trade in aud
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Development of the European Commiss
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and bound tariff rates have decline
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and continue negotiations on the Ag
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9.3.4 TRIPS AgreementWith respect t
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9.4 UNESCO cultural-diversity persp
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9.5 WIPO Development AgendaAt the W
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Cooperation has continued to work w
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come obstacles faced by poor commun
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9.8 UNEP: Promoting biodiversity be
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CHAPTER10 Lessons learned and polic
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VI. The creative economy cuts acros
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the creative industries in the Unit
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policymakers, researchers and pract
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Another mechanism to promote South-
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10.3.2 Role of creative entrepreneu
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ReferencesBooks and articlesAcheson
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of Definitions of the Cultural and
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ativity for its management”, in C
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Taylor, Calvin (2006). “Beyond Ad
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Department of Communications, Infor
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PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). “G
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______(2004). São Paulo Consensus:
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The 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultu
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Statistical Annex
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Explanatory notes (continued)Art cr
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Explanatory notes (continued)Obviou
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Explanatory notes (continued)EBOPSE
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Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
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Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
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Distribution of developing economie
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Distribution of developed economies
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Distribution of economies by trade
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TABLE1.1IMPORTS (c.i.f., in million
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TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesAsiaE
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TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesEaste
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TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesAsiaE
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TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesEaste
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CREATIVE GOODS: EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
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EXPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
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IMPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
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EXPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
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IMPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
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EXPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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IMPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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EXPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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IMPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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EXPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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IMPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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EXPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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IMPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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EXPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
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IMPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
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Statistical Annex Part 2CREATIVE EC
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TABLE3.2.ADeveloping economies (2)E
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TABLE3.2.BDeveloping economies (2)E
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TABLE3.3.AEXPORTS (in millions of $
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TABLE3.3.BIMPORTS (in millions of $
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